Beyond 5G Network Architecture Study: Fractal Properties of Access Network

Abstract

Wireless networks connect various devices through radio waves in which the network connection may have different structures. Moreover, the network structure is determined based on the placement areas of the network elements, which can be affected by the building and their locations. However, the numerical characteristic which describe the features of the real environment and allow them to be related to the properties of the model are still a challenge that has not been well addressed. To this end, in this paper, we analyze the modeling problems related to the structure of user placement in the access network. Our proposed solution is based on a description of the user environment structure in which cities in the form of buildings and constructions are considered as a typical environment. We propose a new model for addressing the wireless network structure in an efficient manner in which the features of the environment are considered, which are numerically expressed in the form of the Hurst parameter or fractal dimension. In addition, the fractal dimension, geometric fractals, and the characteristics of the user’s distribution territory and urban development are efficiently utilized. Then, we analyze the influence of the fractal properties of the environment on the structure of promising communication networks; in particular, on the structure of the Internet of Things network. Finally, simulation results proved that the proposed model is considered as a beneficial solution for modeling mobile communication and wireless access networks, including fifth-generation networks.

An Efficient Method for Choosing Digital Cluster Size in Ultralow Latency Networks

“…Also, assume that the road infrastructure is sufficiently developed. So, the cable route still tends to a straight line between points and does not "loop" endlessly within the cluster, for example, like a fractal line [18][19][20][21]. This assumption is possible because the points in the model coincide with settlements, each of which is reachable by a route of a finite length.…”

“…Both lines are covered with some amount of squares with side size τ. There are various methods for estimating the fractal dimension [20]. In particular, circles with the radius τ could be used instead of the square.…”

“…According to the definition, the fractal dimension (FD) of the line is equal to the following limit [19,20]:…”

Study and Analysis of Multiconnectivity for Ultrareliable and Low‐Latency Features in Networks and V2X Communications

“…Fifth-generation (5G) communication network customarily distinguished three main groups of services, namely, eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband), mMTC (massive machine type communications), and URLLC (Ultrareliable low-latency communications-ultrareliable connections with ultralowlatency) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In addition, eMBB and mMTC are focused on services with high data rate and high and ultrahigh device density, while URLLC is focused on applications requiring ultrareliable ultralow-latency data delivery.…”

“…In addition, eMBB and mMTC are focused on services with high data rate and high and ultrahigh device density, while URLLC is focused on applications requiring ultrareliable ultralow-latency data delivery. Further, URLLC is considered as one of the key features of 5G technology and subsequent generations [4,[7][8][9]. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 1, the main parameters of the 4G and 5G networks are compared and realized that set of improvements in 5G key metrics which can normally reflect the achievable data rates, density of subscriber devices, energy efficiency, and delivery times [10,11].…”