Between economy and ecology? The single market and the integration of environmental policy

Social Dynamics of Renewable Energy—How the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive Triggers Land Pressure in Tanzania

“…Given the limited resources for institution building processes, efforts could have been directed to less commodity-specific ends, which also had been argued for by domestic academics and civil society organizations. However, as controversies grew, interests shifted, and contending forces struggled and competed for land and biomass, projects and policies in the making were eventually left uncompleted while still leaving their distinct trace in the politics of land in Tanzania. It is clear that the EU's commitments to sustainability is ''weak,'' with no attempt to confront the fact that the Unions' inhabitants consumes disproportionate amounts of the world's resources; and practically no discussions on redistribution as part of the serious political discourse (Baker, 1997(Baker, , 2007Weale & Williams, 1992). However, the EU's political commitments to environmental change do not occur in a vacuum.…”

“…Starting in the early 1980s, environmental policies had transformed significantly in many EU member states, and EM initially emerged as a conceptual tool to capture this (Mol, 1999). Having been a theory aimed at capturing social change (Hajer, 1995(Hajer, , 1996Ja¨nicke, 1992;Simonis, 1989;Weale & Williams, 1992), EM can now increasingly be understood as a political program emphasizing systematic eco-innovations of technologies and their diffusion (cf. Ja¨nicke, 2008, p. 558).…”

Sustainability, subsidiarity and deregulation: New directions in EU environmental policy

“…The lack of integration of environmental concerns into major policy decisions became very apparent with the Single European Market initiative, with a task force hastily assembled to report on the matter after most of the decisions had been taken [Weale and Williams, 1993]. The Single Market was conceived prior to the EU embracing the sustainable development concept although the findings of the Commission's interim review of the Fifth EAP, published in December 1995, show that the situation has not changed significantly since then.…”

Ecological modernisation or the ‘ideal model’ of sustainable development? Questions prompted at Europe's periphery

“…The Ceccini Report, paving the way for the Single Market, focused on economic benefits and underplayed environmental disbenefits stemming from the goals of increasing affluence and consumption and from increasing the transport of goods: this because it regarded the environment as a 'free' public good [Weale and Williams, 1992] Community policymakers ... remain fully and apparently unrepentently rooted to a conception of development which is narrowly economic in its conception ... it is capital and commercial activity which is perceived by the Community as implying " development (Scott [1995], cited by Wood [1998]). …”