“…Findings regarding gender have been mixed. Gender has not distinguished the V-O overlap in some studies (Muftić et al, 2015; Reingle, Jennings, & Maldonado-Molina, 2012; Tillyer & Wright, 2014), but was a significant characteristic in two nationally representative studies (Kushner, 2020; Taylor et al, 2019). Background factors such as substance use have also been implicated in the V-O overlap (Klevens et al, 2002; Reingle, Staras, et al, 2012).…”