Benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and lead in smoke from tobacco products other than cigarettes.

Appel, B.R.; Guirguis, G.; Kim, I S; Garbin, O; Fracchia, M; Flessel, C P; Kizer, Kenneth W.; Book, Steven A.; Warriner, T E

doi:10.2105/ajph.80.5.560

Cited by 48 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…‡Smoking-related cancers comprised cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, lung, pancreas, kidney, and bladder. It is well documented that cigar smoke contains the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds that are found in cigarette smoke [34][35][36] and that persons who smoke four or more cigars per day are exposed to an increased amount of smoke, equivalent to the smoke of 10 cigarettes per day. 32 The mainstream smoke from cigars (the smoke drawn into the mouth from the butt end) contains greater concentrations of nicotine, benzene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzo[a]pyrene), hydrogen cyanide, lead nitrogen oxides, N-nitrosamines, ammonia, and carbon monoxide than does the mainstream smoke from cigarettes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32 The mainstream smoke from cigars (the smoke drawn into the mouth from the butt end) contains greater concentrations of nicotine, benzene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzo[a]pyrene), hydrogen cyanide, lead nitrogen oxides, N-nitrosamines, ammonia, and carbon monoxide than does the mainstream smoke from cigarettes. 35,36 As a result, persons who inhale cigar smoke have markedly increased concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin. 37 Furthermore, the alkaline pH of cigar smoke facilitates the absorption of nicotine through the buccal and nasal mucosae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Cigar Smoking on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Cancer in Men

et al. 1999

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cigar Smoking on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Cancer in Men

et al. 1999

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“…The reason could be with equal quantity of pack-years, the cigar smoke would have affected airways much more severely than the cigarette smoke. Though the cigar smoke contains the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds that are found in cigarette smoke [24][25][26], the fact that the mainstream smoke from cigars (the smoke drawn into the mouth from the butt end) contains greater concentrations of nicotine, benzene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons including carbon monoxide than does the mainstream smoke from cigarettes, [25,26]. This difference may have contributed to greater reduction in PEFR in cigar smokers compared to cigarette smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cigarette and Cigar Smoking on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

Medabala

Mohesh²,

Kumar³

2013

JCDR

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Background: Tobacco smoking in India has been increasing alarmingly. Smoking is a known risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, especially, the lung cancer. The percentage prevalence of cigarette smoking (18.5%) and cigar smoking (4%) in males is high in Andhra Pradesh compared to other southern states. There is not enough scientific literature to correlate about intensity of cigarette and cigar smoking and their impact on lung function though high prevalence is reported in Andhra Pradesh, India. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to examine whether PEFR differs between cigarette and cigar smokers compared to non-smokers and also to estimate the intensity of cigarette and cigar smoking on PEFR.Methods: PEFR was recorded in cigarette smokers (n=49) and cigar smokers (n=10) as well as in non-smokers (n=64) using Wright's mini Peak Flow Meter.Results: PEFR is decreased in both cigarette as well in cigar smokers compared to non-smokers and the magnitude of decline was higher in cigar smoking elderly individuals. Conclusion:The intensity of cigarette and cigar smoking (pack-years) emerged as the main variable to influence airway obstruction in smokers that caused greater reduction in PEFR.

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“…The important PAH compounds present in air include benzo(a)pyrene, which is recognized as the most important carcinogen among them. 11) PAHs and other insoluble pollutants are thought to stick to carbon particles and to be associated with black matter deposition in the lung parenchyma. Carbon particles themselves can be retained in the lungs for a long time 12) and the grade of anthracosis (deposition of black dusty material) is a very simple but accurate indicator for estimating lung exposure to insoluble carcinogens.…”

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confidence: 99%

The implication of background anthracosis in the development and progression of pulmonary adenocarcinoma

et al. 2003

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In order to characterize the relationship between background anthracosis and pulmonary adenocarcinogenesis, surgically resected tissues of 66 cases of stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma, 4 cm or less at their greatest dimension, were examined. These cases were diagnosed based on the classification of small-sized adenocarcinoma of the lung (Noguchi et al., Cancer 75, 1995). Thirteen cases were diagnosed as types A (localized bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma, LBAC) and B (LBAC with alveolar collapse), 40 cases as type C (LBAC with a focus of fibroblastic proliferation), 8 as type D (poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma) and 5 as types E (bronchial gland type adenocarcinoma) and F (true papillary adenocarcinoma). The 5-year survival rate of types A and B cases was 100%, while those of type C, type D and types E and F were 52%, 48% and 39%, respectively. Nuclear accumulation of abnormal p53 protein in non-replacement type adenocarcinomas (types D, E and F) was detected more frequently than that in replacement type adenocarcinomas (types A, B and C) (P < < < <0.05). In each case, black dusty material was extracted from tumorous lesions and non-tumorous regions and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The anthracotic index (AI) was calculated with a densitometer. AIs of non-tumorous regions in early and replacement type adenocarcinomas (types A and B) were significantly less than in relatively advanced (type C) and poorly differentiated (type D) adenocarcinomas (P < < < <0.05). These results indicated that adenocarcinoma developing in heavily anthracotic lungs readily progresses to an advanced stage, or that adenocarcinoma with a less favorable prognosis tends to develop in severely anthracotic lungs. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 707-711) ulmonary adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type of lung cancer in Japan, the USA and other countries. Its incidence is increasing, but the reason for this is not understood.1, 2) Some researchers have hypothesized that there are two, possibly related, reasons: one is the advances in diagnostic technology for lung cancer, such as thin-slice computed tomography (CT), which may have led to an apparently greater incidence owing to improved detection; the other is changes in cigarette design or smoking habits.3) However, the role of cigarette smoke is still controversial in comparison with the cases of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. [4][5][6] With the recent advances in radiology, many small early adenocarcinomas are now being detected by mass screening. Small adenocarcinomas have been clinicopathologically subclassified into 6 subtypes by Noguchi et al. 7) Briefly, the tumors were classified into two groups: replacement type adenocarcinoma and non-replacement type adenocarcinoma. The former is subdivided into three subtypes: localized bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (LBAC) (type A), LBAC with alveolar collapse (type B), and LBAC with foci of fibroblastic proliferation (type C). The nonreplacement type is also subdivided into three subtypes: poorly differentia...

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Benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and lead in smoke from tobacco products other than cigarettes.

Cited by 48 publications

References 3 publications

Effect of Cigar Smoking on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Cancer in Men

Effect of Cigar Smoking on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Cancer in Men

Effect of Cigarette and Cigar Smoking on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

The implication of background anthracosis in the development and progression of pulmonary adenocarcinoma

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