Beneficiation and upgrading of Jordanian oil shale

Abstract

Evaluation possibility of a low-quality Jordanian oil shale from Sultani, central Jordan as an alternative clean fuel by flotation technique was investigated. Oil shale sample was characterized with mineralogical and chemical analysis. X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that calcite is the dominant mineral followed by quartz mineral. Other minerals such as apatite and gypsum were detected. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that mass loss is due to organic matter decomposition at 280-600°C and carbonate decomposition at 650-850°C Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the main organic groups. The effects of collector and frother doses, pulp concentration and pulp pH on the flotation performance were investigated. The kerosene and MIBC were used as collecting and frothing agents, respectively. The optimal flotation performance occurred for a collector dosage of 1000g/t, a frother dosage of 600g/t, a pulp concentration of 20g/L, a pulp pH of 4.

The Behavior of Jordanian Oil Shale during Combustion Process from the El-Lajjun Deposit

“…The calcium carbonate peaks reduced when the temperature increased, from 500 to 750 °C, and basically disappeared at 830 °C. The XRD spectrum reflects that the crystalline structure of the kaolinite in the oil shale was decomposed and disappeared at 650 °C (Gougazeh, 2022). When the combustion temperature gradually increased above 650 °C, the intensity of XRD peaks of quartz was much stronger due to the decomposition and disappearance of kaolinite and metakaolin (Gougazeh and Buhl, 2014).…”

“…The peaks of quartz mineral are observed at 4.26 Å and 3.35 Å (Gougazeh and Buhl 2010). The kaolinite peaks are detected at 7.17 Å, 3.58 Å, and 1.49 Å (Gougazeh, 2020), while those at 2.8 Å and 2.702 Å are the distinctive peaks of apatite (Gougazeh, 2022). As the combustion temperature increased, the 2θ of different peaks varied vaguely in the peaks of the XRD spectra of the residues of burned samples, while the intensity of the peaks decreased.…”

“…This was assigned to heat-based decomposition of organic substances, including bitumen and kerogen. The second stage is a region that produces oil through temperature decomposition of organic material in oil shale and crystalline water release in the kaolin minerals (Bai et al, 2015;Gougazeh and Buhl, 2010;Gougazeh, 2022). The third mass loss was observed between 600 and 850 °C, with a total loss of about 20 wt.%.…”

The dynamic nature of natural and fatty acid modified calcite surfaces

“…8 On the other hand, PCC is prepared by carbonating calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), derived from slaked burnt lime, in water. 9 Both GCC and PCC are extensively used as nano- and micro-sized particles, offering a large surface area that enhances the functional properties of other materials. 10 Calcium carbonate stands out as a highly cost-effective, nontoxic material with high chemical purity that conforms to food legislation standards.…”

Various polymorphs of calcium carbonate and poly(ethylene) glycol as thermal energy storage materials

“…The two main sources of CaCO 3 are precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), in the form of chalk or marble, and ground calcium carbonate (GCC), in the form of limestone. 18 CaCO 3 is found as a crystalline white powder occurring naturally on earth and found in several forms, including limestone, marine species' calcareous exoskeletons, and boiler scales. A massive quantity of byproducts high in calcium is also generated daily by several industries around the world.…”