Bending and shear performance of Australian Radiata pine cross-laminated timber

Navaratnam, Satheeskumar; Christopher, Philip; Ngo, Tuan; Le, Tu Van

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117215

Cited by 45 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It is because that the f b of one CLT panel is mainly determined by the bending strength of the outermost lamination of the CLT. Similar findings were also reported by Sikora et al [4] and Navaratnam et al [5]. Furthermore, when the thickness of the outermost lamination of one CLT enhances, the f b of the CLT panel would decrease, due to the size effect of the outermost lamination on its bending strength.…”

Section: Effect Of Thicknesssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…CLT fabricated with No.2-grade black spruce lumber are similar to those of E2-grade CLT defined in ANSI/APA PRG 320 [1], except for the f b , which is higher than that of most CLT types (e.g., E2-grade CLT); (3) compared to the CLT panels fabricated with No.2-grade Canadian hemlock [3], the CLT panels fabricated with No.2-grade Canadian black spruce lumber can provide better bending or shear properties; (4) except for the E b of the 3-layer black spruce CLT, the mechanical properties of those CLT fabricated with No. 2-grade black spruce lumber are less than those of the hybrid CLT manufactured by both Spruce-pine-fir (SPF) and laminated strand lumber (LSL) [32]; (5) overall, the CLT fabricated with No. 2-grade black spruce lumber can provide ideal bending or shear properties, which can be comparable to those of the CLT fabricated with other commonly used wood species.…”

Section: Properties' Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was attested that the bending or rolling shear strength decreased with an increase of the CLT thickness. Navaratnam et al [5] tested both the bending and shear properties of CLT fabricated with Australian Radiate pine; furthermore, one numerical model for predicting its mechanical properties was developed. It highlighted that the shear strength could not be enhanced with an increase of the CLT thickness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bending, shear, and compressive properties of three- and five-layer cross-laminated timber fabricated with black spruce

Sun

et al. 2020

J Wood Sci

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an innovative engineering wood product made by gluing layers of solid-sawn lumber at perpendicular angles. The commonly used wood species for CLT manufacturing include spruce-pine-fir (SPF), douglas fir-larch, and southern pine lumber. With the hope of broadening the wood species for CLT manufacturing, the purposes of this study include evaluating the mechanical properties of black spruce CLT and analyzing the influence of CLT thickness on its bending or shear properties. In this paper, bending, shear, and compressive tests were conducted respectively on 3-layer CLT panels with a thickness of 105 mm and on 5-layer CLT panels with a thickness of 155 mm, both of which were fabricated with No. 2-grade Canadian black spruce. Their bending or shear resisting properties as well as the failure modes were analyzed. Furthermore, comparison of mechanical properties was conducted between the black spruce CLT panels and the CLT panels fabricated with some other common wood species. Finally, for both the CLT bending panels and the CLT shear panels, their numerical models were developed and calibrated with the experimental results. For the CLT bending panels, results show that increasing the CLT thickness whilst maintaining identical span-to-thickness ratios can even slightly reduce the characteristic bending strength of the black spruce CLT. For the CLT shear panels, results show that increasing the CLT thickness whilst maintaining identical span-to-thickness ratios has little enhancement on their characteristic shear strength. For the CLT bending panels, their effective bending stiffness based on the Shear Analogy theory can be used as a more accurate prediction on their experiment-based global bending stiffness. The model of the CLT bending specimens is capable of predicting their bending properties; whereas, the model of the CLT shear specimens would underestimate their ultimate shear resisting capacity due to the absence of the rolling shear mechanism in the model, although the elastic stiffness can be predicted accurately. Overall, it is attested that the black spruce CLT can provide ideal bending or shear properties, which can be comparable to those of the CLT fabricated with other commonly used wood species. Besides, further efforts should focus on developing a numerical model that can consider the influence of the rolling shear mechanism.

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Section: Effect Of Thicknesssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Properties' Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bending, shear, and compressive properties of three- and five-layer cross-laminated timber fabricated with black spruce

Sun

et al. 2020

J Wood Sci

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“…Ecker, Miotto and Turmina (2017), found for CLT made up of 0.2kg.m -² mono-component polyure thane adhesiv e , an average shear bond strength of 8.42x10 6 N.m -2 ; in the parallel direction and 3.02 x10 6 N. m -2 in the normal direction. Navaratnam et al (2020) studied CLT panels made with Pin u s radiata wood blades and evaluated the per formance of t h e panels in relation to shearing. The panels had three lay e rs, with dimensions of 1.26 m x 0.52x 0.106 m (length x width x thickness) and used polyurethane adhesive.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of cross laminated timber panels made of Pinus oocarpa and Coffea arabica waste

Furtini

Santos

Garcia

et al. 2021

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The growth of the civil construction sector, made necessary to develop alternative products made of sustainable materials. Within this context came the cross laminated timber panels (CLT), which are formed by gluing veneer arranged at 90°, which provide high strength and great versatility, as constructive elements. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical properties of the particles of both materials and evaluate the performance of CLT panels made with Pinus oocarpa and waste wood from Coffea arabica. The panels were made with three orthogonal layers with veneer of pine and coffee wood, using the phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesive with a spread rate of 0.35kgm -² and the hydraulic press with a pressure of 1,2×10 7 N.m -2 for 15 min. The physical, mechanical properties, acoustic and thermal performance of the panels were evaluated. There was a significant difference for water absorption in 2 and 24 hours. The panels produced only with coffee wood waste showed the lowest water absorption rates, corresponding to 10.2 and 33.3%, in 2 and 24 hours. In relation to the MOE, the panels made with varied veneer were statistically equivalent to each other and the panels made of pine blades showed a MOE corresponding to 3,33×10 7 N.m -2 . The same trend was observed for MOR, since the average value obtained for pine panels, corresponding to 1,35x10 8 N.m -2 was significantly higher. Panels made of coffee veneer and pine veneer showed no delamination. With regard to acoustic and thermal evaluation, all panels met the minimum requirements indicated in the standards, with emphasis on coffee wood waste, associated or not with pine wood.

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“…Currently, three main softwoods species including Spruce-Pine-Fir, Southern-Pine-Fir and Douglas fir-Larch are used as the main raw materials for commercial production of CLT panels (FPInnovations, 2013., ANSI/APA, 2017). However, due to lack of softwoods species in some countries, many attempts have been focused on using local hardwood species to produce CLT panels (Srivaro et al, 2020) Also, CLT panels are made from different timber species that depend on local resources such as Kiri, Katsura, Sugi, Hinoki, Buna spruce pine (Europe and Canada) and Radiata pine (Australia and New Zealand) (Navaratnam et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Performance Analysis of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Produced From Pine and Spruce Grown in Turkey

Birinci

Öztürk

Demirkır

et al. 2020

Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences

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Wooden buildings with many advantages such as being lightness, durability, earthquake resistant, healthy, insulating, and esthetic are suitable for all kinds places especially earthquake zones. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has increasingly become a viable alternative to other structural materials, mainly because of its excellent properties related to sustainability, energy efficiency, and speed of construction. This has resulted in the recent emergence of a significant number of CLT buildings constructed around the world. This is a study on determining the properties of CLT panels manufactured from wood species grown in Turkey and investigating of the structural behaviour and seismic resistant performance of them. Lumbers of 100 mm (width) x 50 mm (thickness) x 2400 mm (length) used in CLT manufacturing were obtained from eastern spruce (Picea orientalis L.) and scots pine (Pinus slyvestris) logs. Two replicate threelayered CLT panels of 2400 mm × 2400 mm × 150 mm in size were manufactured for each group. Density of the CLT panels was determined according to EN 323. The seismic resistant performance of the CLT shear walls was determined according to ASTM E 72 standard. CLT panels manufactured from scots pine gave higher seismic performance than those of CLT panels manufactured from spruce. The maximum load capacity of the walls increased with increasing the density values of the CLT panels.

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Bending and shear performance of Australian Radiata pine cross-laminated timber

Cited by 45 publications

References 14 publications

Bending, shear, and compressive properties of three- and five-layer cross-laminated timber fabricated with black spruce

Bending, shear, and compressive properties of three- and five-layer cross-laminated timber fabricated with black spruce

Performance of cross laminated timber panels made of Pinus oocarpa and Coffea arabica waste

Structural Performance Analysis of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Produced From Pine and Spruce Grown in Turkey

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