Benchmarking and analysis of 6Li neutron depth profiling of lithium ion cell electrodes

Whitney, Scott M.; Biegalski, Steven R; Downing, Gregory J.

doi:10.1007/s10967-009-0229-x

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Applications range from boron impurity determination in silicon to boron nitrogen ratios in coatings (Ziegler et al, 1972;Downing et al, 1993;Ünlü et al, 1999). Whitney et al (2009), first suggested using the 6 Li capture reaction for NDP on lithium ion battery systems. The technique offers the unique ability to quantitatively measure lithium concentrations, as function of depth, independent of oxidation state, during battery cycling (Oudenhoven et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2014;Harks et al, 2015;Liu and Co, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence it measures 6 Li atoms only, regardless of their oxidation state, ensuring selectivity and low noise. The capture reaction is initiated by the absorption of a thermal neutron resulting in two charged particles with a well-defined energy: (Ziegler et al, 1972;Whitney et al, 2009). 6 Li + n thermal yields −→ 3 H + 2727.88 keV + He 2+ (2055.12 keV) White beam thermal neutron fluxes at the Reactor Institute in Delft are in the order of 10 7 neutrons/ cm 2 /s at the NDP the sample position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore the stopping relates the measured energy loss to the depth position of Li. Using NDP a cross sectional averaged Li concentration profile is determined as a function of depth, the axis perpendicular to the sample surface (Whitney et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neutrons probe atom cores and therefore favor detection of the lighter elements compared to X-rays (Itkis et al, 2015). Also the penetrative nature of neutrons and selectivity of the technique allows for probing small lithium concentrations in realistic battery pouch and coin cell set-ups without the introduction of noise (Whitney et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2015;Vasileiadis et al, 2018). Furthermore the technique provides a unique relation between bulk properties, such as lithium concentration, and local submicron, depth dependent effects such as Ohmic potential drop or electrolyte concentration gradients (Zhang et al, 2015;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Verhallen

Wagemaker

2018

Front. Energy Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) allows determination of the spatial distribution of specific isotopes, via neutron capture reactions. In a capture reaction charged particles with fixed kinetic energy are formed, where their energy loss through the material of interest can be used to provide the depth of the original isotope. As lithium-6 has a relatively large probability for such a capture reaction, it can be used by battery scientists to study the lithium concentration in the electrodes even during battery operation. The selective measurement of the 6 Li isotope makes it a direct and sensitive technique, whereas the penetrative character of the neutrons allows practical battery pouch cells to be studied. Using NDP lithium diffusion and reaction rates can be studied operando as a function of depth, opening a large range of opportunities including the study of alloying reactions, metal plating, and (de) intercalation in insertion hosts. In the study of high rate cycling of intercalation materials the relatively low Li density challenges counting statistics while the limited change in electrode density due to the Li-ion insertion and extraction allows straightforward determination of the Li density as a function of electrode depth. If an electrode can be (dis)charged reversibly, data can be acquired and accumulated over multiple cycles to increase the time resolution. For Li metal plating and alloying reactions, the large lithium density allows good time resolution, however the large change of the electrode composition and density makes extracting the Li-density as a function of depth more challenging. Here an effective method is presented, using calibration measurements of the individual components, based on which the ratio of the components as a function of depth can be determined as well as the total Li-density. The same principles can be applied to insertion host materials, where the differences in density due to electrolyte infiltration yield the electrode porosity as a function of depth. This is of particular importance for battery electrodes where porosity has a direct influence on the energy density and charge transport.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Verhallen

Wagemaker

2018

Front. Energy Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The depth profiles of the isotopes can be determined by measuring the residual energies of the charged particles or the recoil atoms. The NDP technique has become an important method to measure the depth profiles of light elements such as lithium and boron in lithium battery and semiconductor materials [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of depth profiles of 10B and 6Li in Si wafers and lithium ion battery electrodes using the KAERI-NDP system

Park

Sun

2015

J Radioanal Nucl Chem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A neutron depth profiling system has been setup at HANARO, a 30 MW research reactor at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Silicon wafers containing 10 B or 6 Li, and electrode films from lithium ion batteries were irradiated with cold neutrons to test the performance and demonstrate the applications of the system. Depth profiles of 10 B and 6 Li were determined for each sample. The determined depth profiles were compared with reference values obtained by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Peak depth, peak concentration, and aerial density agreed with the reference values to within 2, 6, and 11 % respectively.

show abstract

In Situ Neutron Depth Profiling: A Powerful Method to Probe Lithium Transport in Micro‐Batteries

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Benchmarking and analysis of 6Li neutron depth profiling of lithium ion cell electrodes

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Analysis of depth profiles of 10B and 6Li in Si wafers and lithium ion battery electrodes using the KAERI-NDP system

In Situ Neutron Depth Profiling: A Powerful Method to Probe Lithium Transport in Micro‐Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About