Belene: remembering the labour camp and the history of memory

Koleva, Daniela

doi:10.1080/03071022.2011.651581

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…4/1998 of the Constitutional Court of Bulgaria, the People's Court was declared unconstitutional, paving the way for the revocation of its judgments without the need for a retrial. 83 More: Koleva, 2012, pp. 1-18.…”

Section: Bulgariamentioning

confidence: 99%

State and Criminal Law of the East Central European Dictatorships

Kozerska,

Scheffler

2023

Lectures on East Central European Legal History (Second, Enlarged Edition)

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The chapter is devoted to discussing constitutional and criminal law as it existed in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe between 1944 and 1989 (Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, Hungary, Poland, and Bulgaria). As a result of the great powers' decisions, these countries came under the direct supervision of the Soviet Union and adopted totalitarian political solutions from it. This meant rejecting the idea of the tripartite division of power and affirming the primacy of the community (propaganda-wise: the state pursuing the interests of the working class) over the individual. As a result, regardless of whether the state was formally unitary or federal, power was shaped hierarchically, with full power belonging to the legislative body and the body appointing other organs of the state. However, the text constantly draws attention to the radical discrepancy between the content of the normative acts and the systemic practice in the states mentioned. In reality, real power was in the hands of the communist party leaders controlling society through an extensive administrative apparatus linked to the communist party structure, an apparatus of violence (police, army, prosecution, courts, prisons, and concentration and labor camps), a media monopoly, and direct management of the centrally controlled economy. From a doctrinal point of view, the abovementioned states were totalitarian regardless of the degree of use of violence during the period in question. Criminal law was an important tool for communist regimes' implementation of the power monopoly. In the Stalinist period, there was a tendency in criminal law to move away from the classical school's achievements. This was expressed, among other means, by emphasizing the importance of the concept of social danger and the marginalization of the idea of guilt for the construction of the concept of crime. After 1956, the classical achievements of the criminal law doctrine were gradually restored in individual countries, however -especially in special sections of the criminal codesmuch emphasis was placed on penalizing acts that the communist regime a priori considered to be a threat to its existence. Thus, also in the field of criminal law, a difference was evident between the guarantees formally existing in the legislation and the criminal reality of the functioning of the state. KEYWORDS state law, criminal law, communist regime, East Central Europe.

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Section: Bulgariamentioning

confidence: 99%

State and Criminal Law of the East Central European Dictatorships

Kozerska,

Scheffler

2023

Lectures on East Central European Legal History (Second, Enlarged Edition)

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“…In the early 1950s, after an earlier Soviet experiment (Josephson 1995, 536), two hydrotechnical sites were opened on the Danube, which were essentially labor camps for political prisoners. In Bulgaria, there is the Island of Persina, between the cities Nikopol and Svishtov (Koleva 2012). Romania employed a similar practice once the building of the Danube-Black Sea canal had commenced (Štanzel 2017, 176-188;Turnock 1986, 69).…”

Section: Hydraulic Projects and Techno-nationalism In The Socialist Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Nationalizing the Levees on the Danube: Romania and Bulgaria after World War II

Şerban¹

2019

Nationalities Papers

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In this article, I focus on the context in which levees were constructed on the Lower Danube, along the Bulgarian–Romanian border. I argue that after World War II, while the two states shared the management of the river in this region, Romania pursued a techno-nationalist hydraulic policy, which led to the complete damming of the left bank of the Danube with levees. Bulgaria also succeeded in building levees on its side of the Danube, that is the right bank of the common border; however, Bulgaria used different technologies and its building works proceeded at a different pace. Techno-nationalism as delineated in this article considers nation-states as basic units in the analysis of technologies. Technological development is not a flowing process, as it becomes entangled with the interests of nation-states seeking legitimation. Hydraulic technology may strengthen nation-states, and in some circumstances leads to the emergence of nationalistic ideologies.

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“…Ülkenin diğer şehirlerinde de öldürülen Türkler olmuş, hapis cezası alan ve sürgüne gönderilenlerin sayısı da oldukça fazladır (Vaksberg, 2001). Bu olayda birçok kişi de tutuklanarak çok ağır fiziki işlerde çalıştırılmak ve hapiste tutulmak üzere kuzey Bulgaristan'da Tuna nehri üzerinde bulunan Belene adasındaki kampa gönderilmiştir (Koleva, 2012).…”

Section: Mehmet Akif Ersoy üNiversitesi ġKtisadi Ve ġDari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisiunclassified

Bulgari̇stan’da Türk Azinliğa Uygulanan Şi̇ddet (1944-1989): Galtung’un Bariş Modeli̇ Bağlaminda Bi̇r İnceleme

Simeonov¹

2019

Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi

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Profesör Johan Galtung'un şiddet ve barış anlayışı Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininde barış ve çatışma gibi temel problemlerin daha kolay anlaşılıp özellikle de çatışma çözümleri bağlamında kalıcı çözümlerin oluşturulmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu makale, Bulgaristan Komünist Partisi'nin (BKP) iktidarı döneminde (1944-1989) Bulgaristan'da yaşayan Türk azınlığının durumunu Galtung'un geliştirdiği şiddet ve barış kavramlarının perspektifinden analiz etmektedir. Resmi arşiv belgeleri ve bu belgeliklerden üretilmiş ikincil kaynaklar ışığında ilgili dönemdeki (1944-1989) Türk azınlığının sosyoekonomik ve kültürel durumu analiz edilerek şiddet durumları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu dönemde Türklerin maruz kaldıkları şiddet/çatışma durumlarının iyi anlaşılması Soğuk Savaş sonrası tesis edilen göreceli pozitif barış hâlinin hak ettiği değeri görmesi açısından son derece önemli olmaktadır. Professor Johan Galtung's understanding of violence and peace plays an important role for understanding the basic problems such as peace and conflict in the International Relations discipline, and in particular, it is important for establishment of permanent solutions in the context of conflict resolution. This article analyses the situation of the Turkish minority living in Bulgaria during the rule of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) (1944-1989), in particular from the perspective of violence and peace concepts developed by Galtung. In order to identify the violence situations, it was analysed the socioeconomic and cultural situation of the Turkish minority in the relevant period (1944-1989), in the light of official archival documents and secondary sources reproduced by this archives. A good understanding of the violence/conflict situations, which are experienced by the Turks during this period, is extremely important in terms of seeing the value of relative positive peace, established in the post-Cold War period.

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Belene: remembering the labour camp and the history of memory

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

State and Criminal Law of the East Central European Dictatorships

State and Criminal Law of the East Central European Dictatorships

Techno-Nationalizing the Levees on the Danube: Romania and Bulgaria after World War II

Bulgari̇stan’da Türk Azinliğa Uygulanan Şi̇ddet (1944-1989): Galtung’un Bariş Modeli̇ Bağlaminda Bi̇r İnceleme

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