Being right is its own reward: Load and performance related ventral striatum activation to correct responses during a working memory task in youth

Satterthwaite, Theodore D.; Ruparel, Kosha; Loughead, James; Elliott, Mark A.; Gerraty, Raphael T.; Calkins, Monica E.; Hákonarson, Hákon; Gur, Ruben C.; Gur, Raquel E.; Wolf, Daniel H.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.060

Cited by 137 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…These findings complement studies where increased activity in reward-related brain regions-the ventral striatum-is observed after unrewarded accurate performance (e.g., Satterthwaite et al, 2012).…”

Section: The Emotive Nature Of Conflict and Control Implementationsupporting

confidence: 83%

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

Saunders

Lin

Milyavskaya

et al. 2017

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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The detection of conflict between incompatible impulses, thoughts, and actions is a ubiquitous source of motivation across theories of goal-directed action. In this overview, we explore the hypothesis that conflict is emotive, integrating perspectives from affective science and cognitive neuroscience. Initially, we review evidence suggesting that the mental and biological processes that monitor for information processing conflict-particularly those generated by the anterior midcingulate cortex-track the affective significance of conflict and use this signal to motivate increased control. In this sense, variation in control resembles a form of affect regulation in which control implementation counteracts the aversive experience of conflict. We also highlight emerging evidence proposing that states and dispositions associated with acceptance facilitate control by tuning individuals to the emotive nature of conflict, before proposing avenues for future research, including investigating the role of affect in reinforcement learning and decision making.Keywords: emotion; cognitive control; motivation; event-related potentials; negative affect; medial prefrontal cortex;The Emotive Nature of Conflict 3 The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortexMonitoring performance for goal conflicting thoughts, feelings, and behaviours underlies flexible responding in complex, unpredictable environments. During smoking cessation, for example, quickly detecting impulses (e.g., the desire to smoke) or actions (e.g., picking up a cigarette) that conflict with the goal to quit can signal the need to control behaviour, safeguarding goal progress. Beyond unwanted temptations, conflict is evoked across diverse explanatory frameworks, ranging from high-level dissonant states that emerge when individual's hold multiple inconsistent ideologies, to seemingly lower-level conflicts that occur when stimulus dimensions cue mutually incompatible responses (e.g., Stroop conflict).Underscoring the theoretical ubiquity of conflict, detecting and overcoming some internal conflict or discord is fundamental to multiple seminal perspectives in western philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience (e.g

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Section: The Emotive Nature Of Conflict and Control Implementationsupporting

confidence: 83%

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

Saunders

Lin

Milyavskaya

et al. 2017

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…Interestingly, the authors demonstrated that correct performance on incongruent, relative to congruent, trials led to a significant benefit in reaction times for the evaluation of positive, relative to negative, words. Similarly, the authors predicted and interpreted this finding by suggesting that people find it more positively surprising to solve a difficult than an easy task (for a similar reasoning, see Alessandri, Darcheville, Delevoye-Turrell, & Zentall, 2008;Braem, Verguts, Roggeman, & Notebaert, 2012;Satterthwaite et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Open your eyes for prediction errors

Braem

Coenen

Bombeke

et al. 2015

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Previous studies have demonstrated that autonomic arousal is increased following correct task performance on a difficult, relative to an easy, task. Here, we hypothesized that this arousal response reflects the (relative) surprise of correct performance following a difficult versus an easy task. Following this line of reasoning, we would expect to find a reversed pattern following erroneous responses, because errors are less expected during an easy than during a difficult task. To test this, participants performed a flanker task while pupil size was measured online. As predicted, the results demonstrated that pupil size was larger following difficult (incongruent) correct trials than following easy (congruent) correct trials, but smaller following difficult than following easy incorrect trials. Moreover, participants with larger congruency effects, and hence a larger difference in outcome expectancies between the two trial types, showed larger differences in pupil size after both correct and incorrect responses, further corroborating the idea that pupil size increased as a measure of performance prediction errors.

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“…Substantially more work is needed to broaden this understanding and to more fully integrate what is known about large-scale social phenomena with the individual level processes that yield these largerscale phenomena. (68,69), scanning larger and larger samples of individuals (6,70,71), using data sharing and open access data (68,(72)(73)(74), consortium models (75)(76)(77), and neuroimaging meta-analysis (78,79). These models emphasize that neuroimaging approaches can be done on a larger scale and across research teams.…”

Section: Integrative Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is a representative brain? Neuroscience meets population science

Falk

Hyde

Mitchell³

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

226

191

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The last decades of neuroscience research have produced immense progress in the methods available to understand brain structure and function. Social, cognitive, clinical, affective, economic, communication, and developmental neurosciences have begun to map the relationships between neuro-psychological processes and behavioral outcomes, yielding a new understanding of human behavior and promising interventions. However, a limitation of this fast moving research is that most findings are based on small samples of convenience. Furthermore, our understanding of individual differences may be distorted by unrepresentative samples, undermining findings regarding brain-behavior mechanisms. These limitations are issues that social demographers, epidemiologists, and other population scientists have tackled, with solutions that can be applied to neuroscience. By contrast, nearly all social science disciplines, including social demography, sociology, political science, economics, communication science, and psychology, make assumptions about processes that involve the brain, but have incorporated neural measures to differing, and often limited, degrees; many still treat the brain as a black box. In this article, we describe and promote a perspective-population neuroscience-that leverages interdisciplinary expertise to (i) emphasize the importance of sampling to more clearly define the relevant populations and sampling strategies needed when using neuroscience methods to address such questions; and (ii) deepen understanding of mechanisms within population science by providing insight regarding underlying neural mechanisms. Doing so will increase our confidence in the generalizability of the findings. We provide examples to illustrate the population neuroscience approach for specific types of research questions and discuss the potential for theoretical and applied advances from this approach across areas.neuroimaging | life course | statistics | survey methodology | physics Why Population Neuroscience? How do biology, social situations, and the broader environmental context interact to guide behavior, health, and development? This question is fundamental to most, if not all, social and behavioral sciences. We argue that to effectively address the many topics that stem from this larger question across disciplines, it is necessary to (i) bring a "population perspective" to neuroscience and (ii) leverage neuroscience tools within population sciences, which are subdisciplines of many fields, areas, and departments focused on documenting and understanding the dynamics of human populations, including outcomes such as health, well-being, behavior, etc.

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Being right is its own reward: Load and performance related ventral striatum activation to correct responses during a working memory task in youth

Cited by 137 publications

References 41 publications

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

Open your eyes for prediction errors

What is a representative brain? Neuroscience meets population science

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