Behaviour of Water in Jet Fuel in a Simulated Fuel Tank

Lao, Liyun; Ramshaw, Colin; Yeung, Hoi; Carpenter, Mark; Hetherington, Janice I.; Lam, Joseph K.-W.; Barley, Sarah

doi:10.4271/2011-01-2794

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The injection of water into cold fuel, resulted in rapid cooling and ice nucleation of the injected water. These water droplets were considered larger than those evolved from dissolved water which were reported to be on the order of 1μm (17)(18)(19) . Ice accretion and release in fuel… It has been cited in the B777 accident reports (2,8) that the United States Air Force (USAF) undertook research into the formation of ice in fuel.…”

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

Lam

Woods²

2018

Aeronaut. j.

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Following the B777 accident at Heathrow in 2008, the certification authorities required Boeing, Airbus, and Rolls-Royce to conduct icing analysis and tests of their Rolls-Royce Trent engined aircraft fuel systems. The experience and the test data gained from these activities were distilled and released by Airbus to the EASA ICAR project for research and analysis. This paper provided an overview of the Airbus ice accretion and release tests. Brief narratives on the test rigs, the test procedure and methodology were given and key findings from the ice release investigations were presented. The accreted ice thickness was non-uniform; however, it is found typically c. $\mathrm{2\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}$thick. Analysis of the accreted ice collected from the rig tests showed the ice was very porous. The porosity is very much dependant on how the water was introduced and mixed in the icing test rigs. ThestandardAirbus method produced accreted ice of higher porosity compared to that produced by theinjectionmethod. The porosity of the accreted ice from Airbus icing investigations was found to be c. 0.90. The relationship of permeability with porosity was inferred from published data and models for freshly fallen snow in the atmosphere. Derived permeability$\mathrm{7.0\times 10^{-9}\;\mathrm{\mathrm{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{2}}}}$was then applied in the CFD analysis of pipe flow with a porous wall lining to determine the shear stress on the accreted ice. It showed that 25%, 50% and 75% of the accreted ice has interface shear strength of less than$\mathrm{15.3\;\mathrm{Pa}}$,$\mathrm{20.7\;\mathrm{Pa}}$and$\mathrm{26.1\;\mathrm{Pa}}$, respectively.

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Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

Lam

Woods²

2018

Aeronaut. j.

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“…The super fine water droplets make the fuel to change from a clear appearance to a cloudy appearance when cooled. Some of the water deposits directly on subcooled surfaces and freezes to form ice (5) . The appearance of the ice is akin to frost and snow (5) .…”

Section: Fuel Icingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the water deposits directly on subcooled surfaces and freezes to form ice (5) . The appearance of the ice is akin to frost and snow (5) . In this paper, the term 'ice' is used for generic solid state water and may be interchanged, where appropriate, with the terms 'frost' and 'snow'.…”

Section: Fuel Icingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Character and interface shear strength of accreted ice on subcooled surfaces submerged in fuel

et al. 2015

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Sudden release of accreted ice in fuel systems could pose a serious challenge in aircraft operation. The resultant snowshower may reach the filter and fuel-oil heat exchanger, causing a restriction in fuel flow to the engine. It is fundamental to have an appreciation of the character and the interface shear strength of the accreted ice in aircraft fuel systems. This helps to recognise factors for the sudden release of the accreted ice and the intensity of the consequential snowshower. An experimental study was carried out to quantify the character and the interface shear strength of accreted ice on subcooled surfaces submerged in jet fuel. Ice was accreted on naked aluminium, painted aluminium and carbon fibre composite surfaces at various subcooled temperatures. The accreted ice was akin to fresh snow and exhibited soft and fluffy attributes. The character may be expressed quantitatively in terms of the porosity and was found to be c. 0·95. The ice weakly adhered to the substrate surfaces, and the interface shear strength was found to be c. 0·36Pa and c. 2·19Pa at the top surface and at the vertical surface of a specimen block, respectively. It was not possible to detect any variation in the porosity and the interface shear strength for different types of surface finishes and differences in water affnity in fuels due to the crude approach in the estimation of these parameters.

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“…However, even if jet fuel enters the fuel tank without free water, this does not prevent its formation during flight [1,2]. Dissolved water present in fuel will precipitate out of solution in the form of micro droplets as the fuel temperature drops when the aircraft climbs to altitude [7,8]. Water solubility in the fuel decreases by approximately 2 ppm v/v for every 1°C drop in temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Action Additives for Jet A-1: Fuel Dehydrating Icing Inhibitors

et al. 2016

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A novel approach for protecting jet fuel against the effects of water contamination based upon Fuel Dehydrating Icing Inhibitors (FDII) is presented. This dual-action strategy is predicated on the addition of a fuel-soluble water scavenger that undergoes a kinetically fast hydrolysis reaction with free water to produce a hydrophilic ice inhibitor, thereby further militating against the effects of water crystallization. Criteria for an optimum FDII were identified and then used to screen a range of potential water-scavenging agents, which led to a closer examination of systems based upon exo/endo-cyclic ketals and both endo- and exo-cyclic ortho esters. The ice inhibition properties of the subsequent products of the hydrolysis reaction in Jet A-1 were screened by differential scanning calorimetry. The hydrolysis products of 2-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane demonstrate similar ice inhibition performance to DiEGME over a range of blend levels. The calorific values for the products of hydrolysis were also investigated, and it is clear that there would be a significant fuel saving on use of the additive over current fuel system icing inhibitors. Finally, three promising candidates, 2-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2-methoxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxane, and 2-methoxy-2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, were shown to effectively dehydrate Jet A-1 at room temperature over a 2 h period.

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Behaviour of Water in Jet Fuel in a Simulated Fuel Tank

Cited by 17 publications

References 6 publications

Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

Character and interface shear strength of accreted ice on subcooled surfaces submerged in fuel

Dual Action Additives for Jet A-1: Fuel Dehydrating Icing Inhibitors

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