Character and interface shear strength of accreted ice on subcooled surfaces submerged in fuel

Lam, Joseph K.-W.; Lao, Liyun; Hammond, David W.; Power, J.

doi:10.1017/s0001924000011301

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other parameters, such as snow density ρ s , water content fraction f w and specify gravity (SG) may be used. Definitions and interrelationships of these parameters are given in Lam et al (11) . The variation of porosity, among other factors, may be attributed to how water was introduced to and mixed with the fuel in the icing investigations.…”

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The test rig consisted of a fluid loop where 23.5 l of fuel was continuously circulated. WAFCOLT (11) 0.95 Ice accretion from dissolved water in fuel on sub-cooled surfaces in a 20-litre tank under pseudo-static conditions was investigated. Care was taken to minimise any suspended water in fuel at the start of the test.…”

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For direct comparison, all correlation models in the table are expressed in terms of the snow density ρ s . The interrelationship of porosity n and snow density ρ s is given as (11) :…”

Section: Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The project was led by Airbus with academic research support from Cranfield University. Findings from the research project were disseminated to the public in two technical papers (10,11) .

Figure 1.AAIB safety recommendations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

Lam

Woods²

2018

Aeronaut. j.

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Following the B777 accident at Heathrow in 2008, the certification authorities required Boeing, Airbus, and Rolls-Royce to conduct icing analysis and tests of their Rolls-Royce Trent engined aircraft fuel systems. The experience and the test data gained from these activities were distilled and released by Airbus to the EASA ICAR project for research and analysis. This paper provided an overview of the Airbus ice accretion and release tests. Brief narratives on the test rigs, the test procedure and methodology were given and key findings from the ice release investigations were presented. The accreted ice thickness was non-uniform; however, it is found typically c. $\mathrm{2\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}}$thick. Analysis of the accreted ice collected from the rig tests showed the ice was very porous. The porosity is very much dependant on how the water was introduced and mixed in the icing test rigs. ThestandardAirbus method produced accreted ice of higher porosity compared to that produced by theinjectionmethod. The porosity of the accreted ice from Airbus icing investigations was found to be c. 0.90. The relationship of permeability with porosity was inferred from published data and models for freshly fallen snow in the atmosphere. Derived permeability$\mathrm{7.0\times 10^{-9}\;\mathrm{\mathrm{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{2}}}}$was then applied in the CFD analysis of pipe flow with a porous wall lining to determine the shear stress on the accreted ice. It showed that 25%, 50% and 75% of the accreted ice has interface shear strength of less than$\mathrm{15.3\;\mathrm{Pa}}$,$\mathrm{20.7\;\mathrm{Pa}}$and$\mathrm{26.1\;\mathrm{Pa}}$, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For direct comparison, all correlation models in the table are expressed in terms of the snow density ρ s . The interrelationship of porosity n and snow density ρ s is given as (11) :…”

Section: Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The project was led by Airbus with academic research support from Cranfield University. Findings from the research project were disseminated to the public in two technical papers (10,11) .

Figure 1.AAIB safety recommendations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations