Behavioral states and state related heart rate and motor activity patterns in the newborn infant and the fetus antepartum — A comparative study. I. Technique, illustration of recordings, and general results

Junge, H. D.

doi:10.1515/jpme.1979.7.2.85

Cited by 76 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Several other factors may also contribute to heart rate variation in the mid-and low frequency bands. Movement is associated with variation in heart rate in the fetus (20)(21)(22)(23) and the infant (22,24), as well as in adults (25). Respiratory pauses, which are common in infants (26), also cause changes in heart rate (27), as do sucking and crying behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Heart Rate Variation Over the First 6 Months of Life in Normal Infants

1989

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ABSTRACT. Development of heart rate variation in three frequency ranges was examined during sleep-waking states in normal infants over the first 6 mo of life. Extent of all three types of heart rate variation decreased from 1 wk to 1 mo of age. Extent of respiratory sinus arrhythmia increased from 1 mo to 6 mo during all sleep-waking states, with the increase most pronounced during quiet sleep. Variation in two bands of lower frequencies showed increases in extent from 1 to 3 mo, then a slowing or reversal of the increase between 3 and 4 mo of age. During rapid eye movement sleep, the two types of lower frequency heart rate variation decreased in extent from 3 through 6 mo of age. These results suggest that alterations in autonomic control of heart rate occur at several time periods over the first 6 mo of life and that these alterations may have an effect only on particular types of heart rate variation and only during particular sleep-waking states. The diminution of all three types of heart rate variation at 1 mo may indicate a reduction in vagal tone at this age. in infants: a high-frequency oscillation that is correlated with the respiratory cycle (RSA) (8-1 1) and lower frequency oscillations in a wide band of periods variously reported to range from 5 to 29 s (8-13). Radvanyi and Morel-Kahn (9) showed that the lower frequency variation is prominent in both QS and REM sleep before 37 wk gestational age. After 37 wk, RSA becomes the predominant type of heart rate variation in QS, and REM heart rate is characterized by RSA superimposed on lower frequency waves. Figure 1 shows heart rate variation during each sleepwaking state in one full-term infant at 2 mo postnatal age.Using spectral analytic techniques, Harper et al. (14) showed that RSA during QS decreases over the 1st mo of life and that RSA during all sleep-waking states increases from 1 to 6 mo of age. The maturational trends in the lower frequency variation identified in infants have yet to be examined. Characterization of the development of this variation in early life could provide clues to the maturation of the underlying processes in infants. In this study we use a time-domain technique to assess the maturational changes in RSA and lower frequency heart rate variation during each sleep-waking state in normal infants from 1 wk to 6 mo of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS QS, quiet skep REM, rapid eye movementPolygraphic recordings of EEG, ECG, electrooculogram, digastric electromyogram, and expired C 0 2 were obtained from 25 RSA, respiratory sinus arrhythmia normal infants. Each infant was recorded on six occasions: at 1 wk of age and at 1,2, 3,4, and 6 mo of age. Each recording was begun at 1900 h and terminated at 0700 h the next morning. The ECG signal was fed into a Schmitt trigger generator that In healthy mammals, heart rate is not fixed, but undergoes produced a pulse for each R wave. The resulting trigger event moment-to-moment variation; the changes in heart rate may be times were digitized along with the other signals. rapid or prolonged. One p...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Heart Rate Variation Over the First 6 Months of Life in Normal Infants

1989

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“…Occasional movements of one extremity only and respiratory movements were not taken into account. The fetal state of sleep-arousal was judged as described by JUNGE [6]. NREM sleep occurred when the oscillation amplitude in the CTG was smaller than in the two other states and when there was no fetal movement [15] (Fig.4).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This impossibility was discussed by JUNGE [6] who hence mentions "state 2/4". Such a distinction can be made using polygraphic recordings in the animal fetus [5] and in human newborns [13] -for further references see [6] -.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Such a distinction can be made using polygraphic recordings in the animal fetus [5] and in human newborns [13] -for further references see [6] -. We consider the analogical conclusions regarding the regulation of the fetal sleep-arousal state sufficiently persuasive as they apply to the human fetus as judged from fetal movements and the CTG.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…No accelerations are found in the CTG and the oscillation amplitude (macrofluctuations) falls below 10 bpm (narrowing of the band width). We suggest that in order to differentiate between physiological sleep (NREM) and fetal distress with limited compensatory capacity (both lack accelerations, show diminished oscillation amplitudes) one should apply both mechanical stimulation (1-3 χ for 5 seconds each of the head, [1,3,8] [2,6,7,10,11] for an assessment of the fetal CTG is sufficiently taken into account.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fetal response to external mechanical stimuli

Issel¹

1983

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Neurobehavioral assessment before birth

DiPietro

2005

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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The complexities of neurobehavioral assessment of the fetus, which can be neither directly viewed nor manipulated, cannot be understated. Impetus to develop methods for measuring fetal neurobehavioral development has been provided by the recognition that individual differences in neurobehavioral functioning do not originate with birth and acceptance of the key contribution of the antenatal period to postnatal life. Research has centered around four aspects of fetal functioning: heart rate, motor activity, behavioral state, and responsivity to stimulation. Longitudinal studies have revealed that the developmental trajectories of these characteristics parallel the developing nervous system, detected a transitional period between 28 and 32 weeks gestation, and established within-fetal stability during the second half of gestation. Despite the promise of fetal stimulation and habituation paradigms as measures of neural functioning, significant safety and ethical concerns exist. Construction of a unified fetal neurobehavioral scale is premature until a sufficient degree of normative data is available and the predictive validity of specific aspects of fetal neurobehavior to child developmental outcomes is better established.

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Behavioral states and state related heart rate and motor activity patterns in the newborn infant and the fetus antepartum — A comparative study. I. Technique, illustration of recordings, and general results

Cited by 76 publications

References 28 publications

Development of Heart Rate Variation Over the First 6 Months of Life in Normal Infants

Development of Heart Rate Variation Over the First 6 Months of Life in Normal Infants

Fetal response to external mechanical stimuli

Neurobehavioral assessment before birth

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