Behavioral problems may be associated with multilevel lumbosacral stenosis in military working dogs

Aggressive behaviour is affected by demographic, environmental and behavioural factors in purebred dogs

“…In the future, we will also consider breeding lines among the breeds, for example, separate German Shepherd Dog to working and show line types, since the purpose that dogs were bred for can also affect behaviour 33 . Furthermore, some breeds are more prone to, for example, skeletal disorders, which can cause pain-related aggression 34 and influence these observed breed differences.…”

Pain and Problem Behavior in Cats and Dogs

“…Behavioral signs associated with lumbosacral stenosis in military working dogs included lethargy, being slow to rise, reluctance to search high, and reluctance to jump [26]. Another study of lumbosacral stenosis in military working dogs found the following behavior problems to be more likely in dogs with multi-level stenosis: "unwilling or reluctant to jump up onto objects/into vehicles" (38%), and "unwilling or reluctant to sit", "handler-reported unusual behaviors", as well as "increase in anxiety", "sudden onset of aggressive behaviors", "self-mutilation in the lower back region, tail, or hind legs", each in 25% of cases [27]. Some of the better quality canine pain and health-related quality of life scales contain valuable items that relate to performance (work or sport), and these can be useful during the screening of dogs.…”

The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review

“…Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia maylead to some behavioral signs including vocalizations, reduced activity, reduced stairs/jumping ability, touch aversion, altered emotional state, sleep disturbance, head-scratching/rubbing and phantom scratching, which may be the only signs of thisneurological disease (Rusbridge et al, 2019). The link between pain and fear and anxiety-related problems is well recognized in humans and pets, as well as its influence on the quality of life (Belshaw and Yeates, 2018;Dodd et al, 2020;Elman and Borsook, 2018;Khan et al, 2020;Lascelles et al, 2019;Lindley, 2012;Mills et al, 2020). Pain is an essential component of many neurological diseases, such as diskospondylitis and meningitis (Lau et al 2019.…”

“…This latter component receives and associates the impulses from the olfactory, optic, auditory, exteroceptive, and interoceptive sensory systems; it is also involved in emotional and behavioral patterns. (Allikmets, 1966) hippocampus and piriform lobe (Brini et al, 2004;Fatzer et al, 2000) cingulate gyrus (de Lahunta et al, 2014) pituitary gland (Briola et al, 2020) frontal and temporal lobes and basal nuclei (James et al, 2012;Overall, 2003;Vanhaesebrouck et al, 2012) spinal cord and peripheral nervous system (Dodd et al, 2020;Stella et al, 2011) Aggressive behavior amygdala (Adamec and Stark-Adamec, 1983;Allikmets, 1966;Andersson and Olsson, 1965;Jacobs et al, 2006Jacobs et al, , 2003Kandel et al, 2013;Overall, 1999;Siegel and Shaikh, 1997;Squire et al, 2012) cingulate gyrus (de Lahunta et al, 2014) hypothalamus (Barrett et al, 1987;de Lahunta et al, 2014;Fatjó et al, 1999;Fonberg, 1971;Fuchs et al, 1985;Inselman and Flynn, 1972;Jacobs et al, 2003) pituitary gland (Menchetti et al, 2019) frontal lobe (Allen et al, 1974;Foster et al, 1988;Jacobs et al, 2003) temporal lobe (Fatjó et al, 1999;Overall, 2003) spinal cord, meninges and peripheral nervous system Barcelos et al, 2015;Camps et al, 2012;Dodd et al, 2020;…”

“…N: frontal lobes, temporal lobes and basal nuclei tumors (James et al, 2012;Overall, 2003;Vanhaesebrouck et al, 2012), pituitary tumor (Briola et al, 2020). D: lumbosacral stenosis (Dodd et al, 2020), Ammon's horn necrosis in cats (Brini et al, 2004;Fatzer et al, 2000), CCDS (Dewey et al, 2019;Mihevc and Majdic, 2019).…”