Behavioral Neurochemistry: Neuroregulators and Behavioral States

Barchas, J. D.; Akil, Huda; Gr, Elliott; Holman, R. Bruce; Watson, S.J.

doi:10.1126/science.25486

Cited by 329 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…The list of peptides identified in both the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract is rapidly expanding (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). Some of these gastrointestinal peptides, such as somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, are included among the putative neuroregulators (28).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of insulin in rat brain.

Havránková¹,

Schmechel²,

Roth³

et al. 1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

524

275

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Insulin concentrations in acid/ethanol extracts of the whole rat brain were on the average 25 times higher than plasma insulin levels. Brain insulin was indistinguishable from authentic pancreatic insulin, based on its behavior in radioimmunoassay, radioreceptor assay, and bioassay and its chromatographic pattern on Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. Insulin was found in all regions of the brain examined, but distribution was uneven. Some regions had insulin concentrations as much as 100 times higher than in plasma; levels at least 10 times higher were found in other regions. Recently, we have found that insulin receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system of the rat (9). Therefore, we were interested to see if insulin itself was present in the central nervous system. In the present study, we have found that insulin concentrations in brain far exceeded insulin levels in blood. Insulin concentrations in extracts of whole brain were, on the average, 25 times higher than in plasma. Different discrete regions of the central nervous system varied in their insulin content, and concentrations between 10 and 100 times higher than plasma were observed. Insulin in brain tissue was determined by a radioimmunoassay and further characterized by radioreceptor assay, bioassay, and chromatography. Concordance of all these methods demonstrated that genuine insulin or an extremely similar peptide was present in the central nervous system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extraction Procedure. A standard type of extraction procedure was used (10). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) fed ab lib were killed by decapitation at 1600; the brain (including the pituitary) was removed and kept on ice during the whole dissection procedure. Whole brain and macroscopically dissected discrete regions were homogenized (Polytron) in 10 vol of ice-cold 0.2 M HCI/75% ethanol (acid-ethanol).The suspension was stirred or shaken overnight at 40C. After centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 20 min at 40C, the supernatantsThe publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. 125I-insulin (130-180 ,gCi/ug), and porcine insulin standard (Eli Lilly). The insulin content reported refers to the pork standard. No immunoreactivity could be detected in a buffer containing the same amount of bovine serum albumin as in the reconstituted ex-

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of insulin in rat brain.

Havránková¹,

Schmechel²,

Roth³

et al. 1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

524

275

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Neuroregulators are compounds that function either as neurotransmitters by acting on the transfer of information between a neuron and an adjacent target cell or as neuromodulators by amplifying or dampening neurotransmitter activity (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of serotonin and fluoxetine on blood glucose regulation in two decapod species

Santos

Keller

Rodríguez

et al. 2001

Braz J Med Biol Res

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One of the best known crustacean hormones is the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH). However, the mechanisms involved in hormone release in these animals are poorly understood, and thus constitute the central objective of the present study. Different groups of crustaceans belonging to diverse taxa (Chasmagnathus granulata, a grapsid crab and Orconectes limosus, an astacid) were injected with serotonin, fluoxetine, or a mixture of both, and glycemic values (C. granulata and O. limosus) and CHH levels (O. limosus) were determined after 2 h in either submerged animals or animals exposed to atmospheric air. Both serotonin and fluoxetine caused significant hyperglycemia (P<0.05) after injection into the blood sinus of the two species, an effect enhanced after exposure to atmospheric air. In C. granulata blood glucose increased from 6.1 to 43.3 and 11.4 mg/100 ml in submerged animals and from 5.7 to 55.2 and 22.5 mg/100 ml in air-exposed animals after treatment with serotonin and fluoxetine, respectively. In O. limosus the increases were from 1.2 to 59.7 and 135.2 mg/100 ml in submerged animals and from 2.5 to 200.3 and 193.6 mg/100 ml in air-exposed animals after treatment with serotonin and fluoxetine, respectively. Serotonin and fluoxetine also caused a significant increase in the circulating levels of CHH in O. limosus, from 11.9 to 43 and 45.7 fmol/ml in submerged animals and from 13.2 to 32.6 and 45.7 fmol/ml in air-exposed animals, respectively, thus confirming their action as neuroregulators in these invertebrates.

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“…Therefore, a correlation between this region and nociceptive or analgesia can be presumed. It was reported that the medial amygdala receives a 8-endorphinergic input from the basal hypothalamus (17), while the central nucleus contains a dense network of enke phalinergic interneurons (18). In addition, Rodgers (4) reported that the micro-injection of morphine into the medial amygdala produced a dose dependent increase in aversive thresholds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of morphine on single unit activity of the amygdala in cats.

et al. 1982

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Abstract-Singleneuronal activity has been recorded extra-cellularly from the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis (pars lateralis) (Acl), the nucleus amygdaloideus centralis (pars medialis) (Acm), the nucleus amygdaloideus basalis (pars magnocellularis) (Abm), the nucleus amygdaloideus lateralis (AI), and the nucleus amygdaloideus basalis (pars parvocellularis) (Abp). The majority of the Acl, Acm, and Abm neurons were excited by nociceptive stimulation such as pinching the skin with serrated forceps and/or intra arterial injection of bradykinin. The nociceptive neurons were also driven by non-nociceptive stimulation such as tapping of deep tissues and bending hairs with an air-puff. Their receptive fields were large. After the intra venous administration of morphine, all nociceptive neurons became un responsive to nociceptive stimuli, although they were driven by non nociceptive stimuli. Intravenous naloxone antagonized the antinociceptive action of morphine. This suggests that morphine has selective and inhibitory effects on impulse transmission to these nociceptive neurons, and the amygdala, especially the Acl, Acm, and Abm, plays an important role in central nociceptive processing.It has been shown that some of the amygdala neurons respond to sciatic nerve stimulation (1), but nociceptive stimuli were not used in this report.On the other hand, it has been shown that the amygdala of monkey brain contained the greatest amounts of opiate binding receptor and a morphine-like peptide, methionine enkephalin (2, 3). Moreover, Rodgers (4) reported that bilateral microinjection of morphine into the cortico-medial amygdala produced a dose-dependent increase in the aversive threshold. However, no experiments have yet been made which allows one to evaluate the effects of morphine on unit activities of the amygdala.An attempt is made in this paper to determine whether the amygdala neurons are driven by the peripheral nociceptive stimuli, and a further object of this work is to study the antinociceptive action of morphine on the neurons of the amygdala. MATERIALS AND METHODSExperiments were performed on 38 adult cats. The animals were initially anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal) at 35 mg/kg i.p. Tracheal and vascular can nulation were performed, all operative wounds were carefully closed with sutures,

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Behavioral Neurochemistry: Neuroregulators and Behavioral States

Cited by 329 publications

References 114 publications

Identification of insulin in rat brain.

Identification of insulin in rat brain.

Effects of serotonin and fluoxetine on blood glucose regulation in two decapod species

Effects of morphine on single unit activity of the amygdala in cats.

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