Behavioral Interactions Between Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs and an Entomopathogenic Nematode (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) within Turf Microcosms

Differences in penetration routes and establishment rates of four entomopathogenic nematode species into four white grub species

“…These behaviors include rubbing with an abrasive raster situated on the ventral end of the abdomen, brushing with legs or mouthparts, and scraping and chewing motions with their mandibles Koppenhöfer et al, 2000). In addition, white grubs may evade nematode attack by moving away from the nematodes (Schroeder et al, 1993;Gaugler et al, 1994).…”

Japanese Beetle and Other Coleoptera Feeding on Grapevines in Eastern North America

“…Through grooming by rubbing with their legs or raster, and by host encapsulation, successful infection rates are decreased Wang et al 1995 ) . There can also be avoidance behavior, with JB grubs moving to sections of grass plantings not treated with H. bacteriophora (Schroeder et al 1993 ;Gaugler et al 1994 ) .…”

Attraction of four entomopathogenic nematodes to four white grub species

“…White grubs, however, have coevolved with soil pathogens such as entomopathogenic nematodes and developed a series of behavioral [i.e., aggressive and evasive behaviors (Schroeder et al, 1993;Gaugler et al, 1994;Koppenhöfer et al, 2000)], morphological [i.e., sieve plate-covered spiracles (Forschler and Gardner, 1991;Koppenhöfer et al, 2007 and discussion therein) and thick peritrophic membrane (Forschler and Gardner, 1991;Cui et al, 1993;Thurston et al, 1994)], and physiological [i.e., inactivating gut juices (Wang et al, 1995) and strong immune response (e.g., Wang et al, 1994Wang et al, , 1995] barriers to infection. The high variability in white grub susceptibility and/or nematode virulence in different white grub-nematode species combinations suggest different degrees of expression of the above described defense mechanisms among white grubs species and/or different levels of ability among nematode species to circumvent these defenses.…”