Behavioral evaluations in developmental toxicity testing: MARTA survey results

Lochry, Elizabeth A.; Johnson, Connie; Wier, Patrick J.

doi:10.1016/0892-0362(94)90009-4

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Developmental test batteries have been used extensively in the fields of developmental toxicology and teratology (Irwin, 1968;Bui et al, 1983;Moser, 1989;Chester et al,1985;Wier et al, 1989;Lochry et al, 1994;Spear, 1996). T10 T20 T30 T40 T50 T60 T70 T80 T90 T100 T110 T120 T130 T140 T150 T160 T170 T180 T190 T200 T210 T220 T230 T240 T250 T260 T270 T280 T290 T300 Historically, the most commonly used developmental parameters in these studies have been the physical landmarks of eye opening and pinna detachment, along with surface righting, pupil constriction, nonautomated acoustic startle, and locomotor activity (Lochry et al, 1994). For example, prenatal exposure to ethanol significantly reduced pup body weight at birth and delayed the ontogeny of the righting reflex, horizontal screen test, and the opening of the external auditory canals (Molina et al, 1987).…”

Section: Commentary Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Developmental test batteries have been used extensively in the fields of developmental toxicology and teratology (Irwin, 1968;Bui et al, 1983;Moser, 1989;Chester et al,1985;Wier et al, 1989;Lochry et al, 1994;Spear, 1996). Historically, the most commonly used developmental parameters in these studies have been the physical landmarks of eye opening and pinna detachment, along with surface righting, pupil constriction, nonautomated acoustic startle, and locomotor activity (Lochry et al, 1994).…”

Section: Commentary Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Developmental Milestones in Rodents

2003

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Developmental tests are used to characterize early markers of behavior for investigation of the neurobiology of these behaviors, and to assess the impact of early prenatal or postnatal insult. These perturbations may include pharmacological, environmental, and genetic manipulations. At birth the rat is capable of some specific activities, but its movements are uncoordinated and seemingly random, its tactile sensitivity is not fully developed, and its ear canals and eyes remain closed until several days after birth. Postnatal development consists mainly of the continuation of processes begun earlier. This unit presents protocols for the most commonly used animal tests of developmental reflexology, including negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance, placing responses, tactile and acoustic startle responses, surface and air righting reflexes, crossed extensor reflex, rooting reflex, grasp reflex, bar holding, and horizontal and vertical screen tests.

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Section: Commentary Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Developmental test batteries have been used extensively in the fields of developmental toxicology and teratology (Irwin, 1968;Bui et al, 1983;Moser, 1989;Chester et al,1985;Wier et al, 1989;Lochry et al, 1994;Spear, 1996). Historically, the most commonly used developmental parameters in these studies have been the physical landmarks of eye opening and pinna detachment, along with surface righting, pupil constriction, nonautomated acoustic startle, and locomotor activity (Lochry et al, 1994).…”

Section: Commentary Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Developmental Milestones in Rodents

2003

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“…A different type of water maze is that originally described by Morris (1981), in which the subject is required to use extramaze cues to learn the location of a hidden platform. A survey of laboratories conducting safety pharmacology tests indicated that most laboratories included cognitive testing and that simple water maze and passive avoidance tasks were the most commonly used tasks (Lochry, Johnson, and Weir 1994). Since much of the current cognitive testing is conducted as part of developmental neurotoxicity assessments, it is important to realize potential differences in testing young (weanling) rodents in many of these tasks as compared to adults (Ehman and Moser 2006).…”

Section: Additional Behavioral Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the wide options, there are relatively few cognitive procedures currently used in regulatory testing (Lochry, Johnson, and Weir 1994;Peele and Vincent 1989). The training required for assessing cognition ranges from several trials within a single day to daily testing for months.…”

Section: Additional Behavioral Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Assays for Neurotoxicity Testing

Moser

2010

Toxicol Pathol

130

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Neurobehavioral and pathological evaluations of the nervous system are complementary components of basic research and toxicity testing of pharmaceutical and environmental chemicals. While neuropathological assessments provide insight as to cellular changes in neurons, behavioral and physiological methods evaluate the functional consequences of disruption of neuronal communications. The underlying causes of certain behavioral alterations may be understood, but many do not have known direct associations with specific brain pathologies. In some cases, however, rapidly expanding mouse models (transgenic, knock-out) are providing considerable information on behavioral phenotypes of altered pathology. Behavior represents the integrated sum of activities mediated by the nervous system, and functional tests used for neurotoxicity testing tap different behavioral repertoires. These tests have an advantage over pathologic measures in that they permit repeated evaluation of a single animal over time to determine the onset, progression, duration, and reversibility of a neurotoxic injury. Functional assays range from a screening-level battery of tests to refined procedures to tap specific forms of learning and/or memory. This article reviews common procedures for behavioral toxicity testing and provides examples of chemical-specific neurobehavioral-pathological correlations in order to inform interpretation and integration of neuropathological and behavioral outcomes.

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“…The European Inter-laboratory Behavioural Teratology Group has been studying this problem by running simultaneous collaborative studies with reference compounds in about IS commercial and academic laboratories from at least 7 different countries: the results from the first two experiments-with alcohol and diazepam-should be published shortly. A recent survey undertaken by the Middle Atlantic Reproduction and Teratology Association [MARTA) revealed that the majority of North American and European laboratories performing behavioural tests as part of GLP reproduction toxicology studies routinely include open field and water maze tests (Lochry et al 1994). …”

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confidence: 99%

The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat

Barrow¹,

Leconte²

1996

Lab Anim

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SummaryThe open field and swimming maze tests are frequently used as part of a behavioural assessment battery in reproduction or developmental toxicology studies in the rat. Interpretation of the results of these tests is very difficult when the body weight of the rats is not similar in the various treatment groups. In order to better understand this problem, data from approximately 500 untreated rats tested under identical conditions were analysed with respect to body weight. No correlation was found in water maze performance or open field motor activity. A very slight but significant correlation was identified, however, in the time spent by female rats in various regions of the open field, with the smaller rats spending more time in the corners of the testing arena. Keywords

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Behavioral evaluations in developmental toxicity testing: MARTA survey results

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Assessment of Developmental Milestones in Rodents

Assessment of Developmental Milestones in Rodents

Functional Assays for Neurotoxicity Testing

The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat

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