Behavioral Effects Following Subacute Inhalation Exposure to m-Xylene or Trimethylbenzene in the Rat

Gralewicz, S; Wiaderna, Dorota

doi:10.1016/s0161-813x(00)00003-6

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In another study, the effect of a 4-week inhalation exposure to TMB at concentrations of 0, 25, 100, or 250 ppm on radial maze performance, open-field activity, passive avoidance, active two-way avoidance and shock-induced changes in the pain sensitivity reflecting the magnitude of the shock-induced fear response (Gralewicz et al, 1997). Other studies confirmed these results, showing that air exposure to benzene or analogues, at concentrations close to the current hygiene standard values, may produce long-lasting functional changes in the rat central nervous system (Wiaderna et al, 1998;Gralewicz and Wiaderna, 2001). In harmony with previous studies, others have found that pre-narcotic concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, pxylene) induce changes in the rat motor behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In fact, the neurobehavioral alterations caused by aromatic hydrocarbons have been studied in various animal models. Rats exposed at 100 ppm to benzene analogues in dynamic inhalation chambers showed behavioral alterations detectable also some week after exposure, such as significantly higher spontaneous locomotor activity as assessed with the open-field test, impaired acquisition but not retention of active avoidance response as assessed with the shuttle-box test, increased latencies of the paw-lick response to heat and impaired acquisition of passive avoidance responses (Gralewicz and Wiaderna, 2001). Taken together, these results do not indicate cognitive impairments, after benzene analogues' exposure, but rather a decreased ability to inhibit locomotor response, especially in fearinducing environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-lasting neurotoxicity of prenatal benzene acute exposure in rats

et al. 2006

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-lasting neurotoxicity of prenatal benzene acute exposure in rats

et al. 2006

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“…Reproductive toxicity tests did not identify any effects on fertility (Lehotzky et al 1985a, McKee et al 1990). In subchronic neurotoxicity tests, there were no persistent changes in motor activity or functional observations and no pathological changes in the nervous system (Douglas et al 1993, Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002, although there have been reports of functional changes following the administration of pain (Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002. Genetic toxicity studies have mostly been negative (Schreiner et al 1989), although one C9 isomer was reported as mutagenic when tested under in vitro conditions (Janik-Spiechowicz et al 1998a, 1998b.…”

Section: Aromatic Solvents (C9-c12)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were three studies of similar design that were conducted to characterize the potential for repeated exposure to TMB isomers to cause chronic neurological effects (Gralewicz et al 1997, Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001, Wiaderna et al 2002. Rats were exposed to TMB isomers for periods ranging from 4 weeks to 3 months at exposure levels ranging from 25-250 ppm (125-1250 mg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Subchronic Neurological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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“…Motor vehicle emissions and fuel spillage are a major source of arenes in the urban environment (Calvert et al, 2002), resulting from the high proportion of arenes present in gasoline (especially in European and diesel formulations) and the close relationship between fuel composition and exhaust composition with respect to aromatics (Leppard et al, 1993(Leppard et al, , 1995. Arenes are classified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and exposure has been linked to dermal absorption and subsequent biotransformation into harmful metabolites (Pellack-Walker and Blumer, 1986); leukaemia (Carletti and Romano, 2002), cytogenetic damage (Celik et al, 2003) and persisting neurobehavioural disturbances in humans (Mikkelsen, 1997) and laboratory rats (Gralewicz and Wiaderna, 2001). Aromatic hydrocarbons are common trace components of the urban atmosphere, and given their associated health risk, their primacy as tropospheric ozone precursors (Derwent et al, 1996) and the contributions of their oxidation products towards secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation (Odum et al, 1997), it is highly pertinent to investigate factors affecting the atmospheric lifetime (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting arene rate coefficients with respect to hydroxyl and other free radicals in the gas-phase: a simple and effective method using a single topological descriptor

et al. 2007

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Abstract. The reactivity of aromatic compounds is of great relevance to pure and applied chemical disciplines, yet existing methods for estimating gas-phase rate coefficients for their reactions with free radicals lack accuracy and universality. Here a novel approach is taken, whereby strong relationships between rate coefficients of aromatic hydrocarbons and a Randić-type topological index are investigated, optimized and developed into a method which requires no specialist software or computing power.Measured gas-phase rate coefficients for the reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons with OH radicals were correlated with a calculated Randić-type index, and optimized by including a term for side chain length. Although this method is exclusively for use with hydrocarbons, it is more diverse than any single existing methodology since it incorporates alkenylbenzenes into correlations, and can be extended towards other radical species such as O( 3 P ) (and tentatively NO 3 , H and Cl). A comparison (with species common to both techniques) is made between the topological approach advocated here and a popular approach based on electrophilic subsituent constants, where it compares favourably.A modelling study was carried out to assess the impact of using estimated rate coefficients as opposed to measured data in an atmospheric model. The difference in model output was negligible for a range of NO x concentrations, which implies that this method has utility in complex chemical models.Strong relationships (e.g. for OH, R 2 =0.96) between seemingly diverse compounds including benzene, multisubstituted benzenes with saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic and cyclic substitutions and the nonbenzenoid aromatic, azuleneCorrespondence to: C. J. Percival (c.percival@manchester.ac.uk) suggests that the Randić-type index presented here represents a new and effective way of describing aromatic reactivity, based on a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR).

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Behavioral Effects Following Subacute Inhalation Exposure to m-Xylene or Trimethylbenzene in the Rat

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Long-lasting neurotoxicity of prenatal benzene acute exposure in rats

Long-lasting neurotoxicity of prenatal benzene acute exposure in rats

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Predicting arene rate coefficients with respect to hydroxyl and other free radicals in the gas-phase: a simple and effective method using a single topological descriptor

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