Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children

Schmidt, Louis A.; Fox, Nathan A.; Rubin, Kenneth H.; Sternberg, Esther M.; Gold, Philip W.; Smith, Courtland L.; Schulkin, Jay

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199703)30:2<127::aid-dev4>3.0.co;2-s

Cited by 311 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 45 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

192

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Granger et al [15,16] found that the cortisol increase in response to a conflict-inducing task was associated with social withdrawal, social anxiety and socially inhibited behavior during the task, and also predicted children's internalizing problem behaviors and anxiety disorders at follow-up. Another finding that also points to an association between an elevated cortisol concentrations and internalizing behavior is that of Schmidt et al [21]. This study showed that 4-year olds who showed several wary behaviors during peer play had relatively high morning salivary cortisol levels.…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…However, from these parent-report studies we do not know if children with GID generally react in a more anxious way to stressful and challenging situations than control children. As a number of studies consider physiological responses [hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response, heart rate (bpm), skin conductance levels (SCL)] as indices of anxiety proneness [6,20,21] we wanted to assess anxiety levels in 25 GID children by measuring physiological correlates of anxiety.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is evidence that an elevation in children's cortisol is related to internalizing problems [3,15,16,21]. A study by Ashman et al [3] found that children who were reported to have internalizing symptoms were also more likely to show an elevated stress response to a mild laboratory stressor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Physiological correlates of anxiety in children with gender identity disorder

Wallien

Goozen

Cohen‐Kettenis

2007

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

mentioning

confidence: 77%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Physiological correlates of anxiety in children with gender identity disorder

Wallien

Goozen

Cohen‐Kettenis

2007

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Despite this, relations between fearful temperament and stress reactivity are still unclear, particularly with regards to reactivity of the HPA system in young and middle childhood (Gunnar, 2001). While fearful or inhibited children have been found to have higher home baseline cortisol levels compared to extremely uninhibited children (de Haan, Gunnar, Tout, Hart, & Stansbury, 1998;Kagan, Reznick, & Snidman, 1987;Schmidt et al, 1997) (Gunnar & Vazquez, 2006). In searching for possible reasons for these discrepancies, some have argued that hyper-responsivity of the HPA axis is more closely tied to freezing or extreme expressions of inhibition (Buss, Davidson, Kalin, & Goldsmith, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on Rothbart's arguments that parent reports are useful, we chose to base our assessments of fearful or behaviorallyinhibited temperament on both structured laboratory tasks derived from the Goldsmith Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (LabTAB, Goldsmith, Reilly, Lemery, Longley, & Prescott, 1999) and the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ, Putnam & Rothbart, 2006). Further, as laboratory tasks to elicit fearful temperament have used novel objects (Kagan et al, 1987;Buss et al, 2004) and unfamiliar people (Rubin & Coplan, 1998;Schmidt, et al, 1997;Buss et al, 2004), we included both types of tasks in our battery.Thus, two aspects of temperamental fearfulness were examined: inhibition to novel events (nonsocial fear) and inhibition to novel social stimuli (social fear or shyness). The CBQ provides scales for fear and shyness, and the LabTAB has structured tasks that involve both nonsocial (Risk Room) and social (Stranger Approach) stimuli.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fearful temperament and stress reactivity among preschool‐aged children

Talge

Donzella

Gunnar

2008

Infant and Child Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, we examined the relation between physiological stress-reactivity and temperamental fearfulness in 162 preschool-aged children. Both the autonomic and neuroendocrine arms of the mammalian stress system were examined. Larger stress responses were defined as greater sympathetic activation, parasympathetic withdrawal and cortisol increases to stressor tasks. Fearful temperament was examined using parent report and behavior in response to fear-evocative laboratory tasks. There was little evidence that larger sympathetic activation or parasympathetic withdrawal was associated with fearful temperament. Greater cortisol reactivity, however, was associated with fearful temperament. Additional analyses examined those children who were consistently fearful across all measures, and the results remained largely the same. However, there was some suggestion that consistently fearful compared to non-fearful children might be more likely to exhibit sympathetic activation to the fear-evocative stimuli. These findings provide support for the argument that fearful temperament is associated with greater stress reactivity in young children. Nonetheless the size of the associations was small and future studies will need to determine whether reactivity of stress-sensitive physiological systems contributes to the development of individual differences in fearful temperament or merely reflects these differences. Keywordstemperament; behavioral inhibition; cortisol; vagal tone; pre-ejection period; childrenThe role of temperamental fearfulness in individual differences in stress reactivity and regulation is of growing interest in developmental neuroscience (e.g., Buss et al., 2003;Kagan, Reznick, & Snidman, 1988) and biological psychiatry (Bakshi & Kalin, 2000;Smoller et al., 2005). This interest reflects an enhanced understanding of the neurobiology of both conditioned (LeDoux & Phelps, 2000) and unconditioned fear (Davis, Walker, & Lee, 1997) and belief that the distributed neural systems underlying acute expressions of fear also support more stable, temperamental variations in fearfulness (Rothbart, 1989). The distributed neural circuits that orchestrate fear behavior have outflows to both arms of the mammalian stress system (Charmandari, Tsigos, & Chrousos, 2005). Specifically, they activate both the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to support fight/flight reactions to threat and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, a counter-regulatory system that has multiple roles in adaptation.One role of the HPA system is to shape future behavioral and physiological responses to threat through regulating gene expression in fear-orchestrating brain regions such as the amygdala (Sapolsky, Romero, & Munck, 2000 NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript temperamentally disposed to respond with fear to strange, novel or threatening events produce larger and more prolonged responses of the HPA system, then these responses themselves may operate to lower thresholds for fearful, inhi...

show abstract

Risk for New Onset of Depression During the Menopausal Transition

Cohen

Soares

Vitonis

et al. 2006

Arch Gen Psychiatry

693

473

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current study suggests that within a similarly aged population of women with no lifetime history of depression, those who enter the menopausal transition earlier have a significant risk for first onset of depression. Further studies are needed to determine more definitively whether other factors, such as the presence of vasomotor symptoms, use of hormone therapy, and the occurrence of adverse life events, independently modify this risk. Physical symptoms associated with the menopausal transition and mood changes seen during this period may affect many women as they age and may lead to a significant burden of illness.

show abstract

Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children

Cited by 311 publications

References 45 publications

Physiological correlates of anxiety in children with gender identity disorder

Physiological correlates of anxiety in children with gender identity disorder

Fearful temperament and stress reactivity among preschool‐aged children

Risk for New Onset of Depression During the Menopausal Transition

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About