Bedroom ventilation: Review of existing evidence and current standards

Sekhar, Chandra; Akimoto, Mizuho; Fan, Xiaojun; Bivolarova, Mariya Petrova; Liao, Chenxi; Lan, Li; Wargocki, Paweł

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107229

Cited by 51 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…A recent study measured the sleep quality of young adults with polysomnography (PSG) at different CO 2 levels; the duration of deep sleep was found to decrease at higher CO 2 levels 6 . However, the CO 2 levels in this experiment were higher than have been observed in most field surveys 5 . To the best of our knowledge, no reports on the effects of bedroom ventilation on elderly subjects are available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…A limitation of the present study is that CO 2 levels varied considerably within each condition, possibly due to variation in the number of experimenters in the room during preparations and in the amount of time they spent there immediately before the sleep period. The presence of experimenters also resulted in a high CO 2 level at the beginning of the sleep period (Table S1, Figure 2); in a few mechanical ventilation conditions, the maximum level exceeded 1150 ppm, which would be expected to disturb sleep 5 . It is possible that this high CO 2 level interfered with the effects of ventilation on sleep.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pilot study of the effects of ventilation and ventilation noise on sleep quality in the young and elderly

et al. 2021

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Three conditions were established to investigate the effects of ventilation and related ventilation noise on sleep quality: No mechanical ventilation/low noise (A); Mechanical ventilation /low noise (B); Mechanical ventilation/high noise (C). The interventions were achieved by idling a mechanical ventilation system or operating it in two different modes. Nine young people and nine older people were all exposed to each of the three conditions for a whole night's sleep, but data from only 15 subjects were analyzed as three young subjects apparently slept with open windows in condition A. Sleep quality was measured objectively with polysomnography (PSG), which monitored signals of electroencephalogram (EEG), bilateral electrooculogram (EOG), and chin electromyogram (EMG) continuously during the sleeping period. Saliva samples were collected before sleep at night and after waking in the morning, and the concentrations of cortisol and lysozyme in them were determined. Without mechanical ventilation, the indoor CO2 level averaged about 1400 ppm during the night. Operating the mechanical ventilation decreased the indoor CO2 to below 1000 ppm, which improved objectively measured sleep quality: wake time after sleep onset (WASO) decreased on average by 15 min (p < 0.05) and sleep efficiency (SE) increased on average by about 4% (p < 0.05). Increased ventilation noise level (50.8dB(A) vs. 34.7dB(A); 54.9dB(C) vs. 48dB(C)) did not significantly change SE or WASO but did change the duration of sleep stages: It decreased the duration of deep sleep by 11min (p < 0.05) and REM sleep by 17 min (p < 0.01) and increased the duration of light sleep by 17 min (p < 0.05). The ventilation noise significantly increased the concentration of lysozyme in the elderly (p < 0.05) although no significant effects on cortisol could be shown. These results confirm that a low ventilation rate has negative effects on sleep quality and that ventilation noise at or above 50dB(A) may disrupt sleep.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Limitations Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot study of the effects of ventilation and ventilation noise on sleep quality in the young and elderly

et al. 2021

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“…(In the present study, “ppm” means ppm by volume, “ppmv”; but we write “ppm” for simplicity; the concentration expressed in “ppmv” is also called the mixing ratio.) They were both within the range of 428–2585 ppm measured in bedrooms, as summarized by two recent reviews 5,26 and represent ventilation in the highest and the lowest category of indoor environment of bedroom and office/living room, respectively, according to EN16798‐1 25 . The higher concentration of CO 2 resulted from the lowest VR that could be controlled in the capsule, and the lower concentration was selected to avoid an unacceptably high level of fan noise.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…T24 is within the temperature range recommended by EN16798‐1, 25 and T28 is above this range. Both are within the range of temperatures measured in actual bedrooms according to two recent reviews 5,26 . CO 2 concentrations of 800 ppm (P800) and 1700 ppm (P1700) to represent two levels of IAQ were selected and established by changing the VR.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission rate of carbon dioxide while sleeping

et al. 2021

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Humans emit carbon dioxide (CO2) as a product of their metabolism. Its concentration in buildings is used as a marker of ventilation rate (VR) and degree of mixing of supply air, and indoor air quality (IAQ). The CO2 emission rate (CER) may be used to estimate the ventilation rate. Many studies have measured CERs from subjects who were awake but little data are available from sleeping subjects and the present publication was intended to reduce this gap in knowledge. Seven females (29 ± 5 years old; BMI: 22.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2) and four males (27 ± 1 years old; BMI: 20.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2) slept for four consecutive nights in a specially constructed capsule at two temperatures (24 and 28°C) and two VRs that maintained CO2 levels at ca. 800 ppm and 1700 ppm simulating sleeping conditions reported in the literature. The order of exposure was balanced, and the first night was for adaptation. Their physiological responses, including heart rate, pNN50, core body temperature, and skin temperature, were measured as well as sleep quality, and subjective responses were collected each evening and morning. Measured steady‐state CO2 concentrations during sleep were used to estimate CERs with a mass‐balance equation. The average CER was 11.0 ± 1.4 L/h per person and was 8% higher for males than for females (P < 0.05). Increasing the temperature or decreasing IAQ by decreasing VR had no effects on measured CERs and caused no observable differences in physiological responses. We also calculated CERs for sleeping subjects using the published data on sleep energy expenditure (SEE) and Respiratory Quotient (RQ), and our measured CERs confirmed both these calculations and the CERs predicted using the equations provided by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, ASHRAE Handbook, and ASTM D6245‐18. The present results provide a valuable and helpful reference for the design and control of bedroom ventilation but require confirmation and extension to other age groups and populations.

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“…These parameters are ventilation rate, relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide concentrations (CO 2 ), benzene, formaldehyde, PM 2.5 , radon, and visible mould. Ventilation rate and CO 2 concentration are the most frequently used parameters of indoor air quality ( [66]; [67]; [68]; [69]; [70], [79]). However, they may not provide sufficient information to accurately determine the indoor air quality in a building ( [72]; [71]; [39].…”

Section: Parameters Used For Rating Indoor Air Quality (I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

TAIL, a new scheme for rating indoor environmental quality in offices and hotels undergoing deep energy renovation (EU ALDREN project)

Wargocki

Wei

Bendžalová³

et al. 2021

Energy and Buildings

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To avoid health risks and discomfort, the European Energy Performance for Building Directive (EPBD) mandates that ''Member States should support energy performance upgrades of existing buildings that contribute to achieving a healthy indoor environment." There is, however, no widely accepted method for rating the overall level of indoor environmental quality (IEQ), although several different approaches are proposed by standards, guidelines, and certification schemes. To fill this void, a new classification rating scheme called TAIL was developed to rate IEQ in offices and hotels undergoing deep energy renovation during their normal use; the scheme is a part of the energy certification method developed by the EU ALDREN project. The TAIL scheme standardizes rating of the quality of the thermal (T) environment, acoustic (A) environment, indoor air (I), and luminous (L) environment, and by using these ratings, it provides a rating of the overall level of IEQ. Twelve parameters are rated by measurements, modelling, and observation to provide the input to the overall rating of IEQ. Their quality levels are determined primarily using Standard EN-16798-1 and World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines and are expressed by colours and Roman numerals to improve communication. The TAIL rating was shown to discriminate IEQ levels when its feasibility was examined in eleven buildings across Europe to provide support for its applicability and input for further modifications. Opportunities for using the scheme in other types of buildings and for its further development and application are discussed.

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Bedroom ventilation: Review of existing evidence and current standards

Cited by 51 publications

References 57 publications

Pilot study of the effects of ventilation and ventilation noise on sleep quality in the young and elderly

Pilot study of the effects of ventilation and ventilation noise on sleep quality in the young and elderly

Emission rate of carbon dioxide while sleeping

TAIL, a new scheme for rating indoor environmental quality in offices and hotels undergoing deep energy renovation (EU ALDREN project)

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