Beauveria bassiana: Biopestisida Ramah Lingkungan dan Efektif untuk Mengendalikan Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman

Abstract

Beauveria bassiana merupakan salah satu jenis cendawan entomopatogen yang termasuk dalam divisi Ascomycota, kelas Sordariomycetes, ordo Hypocreales dan famili Clavicipitaceae. B. bassiana dapat membunuh seluruh stadia serangga pada berbagai jenis hama tanaman dari ordo Homoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Diptera, dan Hymenoptera. Efikasi B. bassiana dipengaruhi oleh berbagai jenis enzim yang dihasilkan yaitu: kitinase, protease, amilase, dan lipase yang berfungsi sebagai pendegradasi lapisan integumen serangga. Efikasi cendawan juga dipengaruhi oleh produksi toksin yang terdiri dari beauvericin, bassianin, bassiacridin, beauvericin, bassianolide, cyclosporine, oosporein, dan tenellin yang dapat mengganggu sistem syaraf dan membunuh serangga sasaran. Keunggulan B. bassiana bersifat ovisidal yang dapat menggagalkan penetasan telur selain membunuh stadia nimfa/larva maupun imago, sehingga dapat menekan perkembangan populasi dan menghambat terjadinya peledakan hama. Kelebihan lain B. Bassiana, yaitu bersifat endofit yang dapat menghambat perkembangan patogen tular tanah maupun penyakit karat daun (Phakospsora pachyrhizi), embun tepung (Microsphaera diffusa), dan embun bulu (Peronospora mansyurica). Cendawan B. Bassiana juga bersifat ramah lingkungan sehingga aman terhadap kelangsungan hidup musuh alami dan hewan ternak serta tidak mencemari sumber air maupun lingkungan. Aplikasi B. bassiana dapat menekan terjadinya resistensi maupun resurjensi. Waktu aplikasi B. bassiana dianjurkan pada sore hari dengan frekuensi aplikasi tiga kali. Cendawan B. bassiana prospektif untuk digunakan sebagai biopestisida dalam mengendalikan hama dan penyakit tanaman, ramah lingkungan, serta dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pengganti pestisida sintetik.

Eco-friendly biopesticide of Beauveria bassiana to control sweet potato weevil Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

“…Furthermore, [22] confirmed that the biopesticidal efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana combined with plastic mulch to cover bunds was very significant in suppressing tuber damage by up to 99% of attacks by C. formicarius larvae. The results of a study conducted by [23] indicated that the efficacy of B. bassiana biopesticides applied to suppress tuber damage due to borer attack could be seen from the number of insect deaths, the number of eggs that did not hatched, and the weight of tubers that were suitable for consumption [24]. Meanwhile, according to [25], to increase and maintain the efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana in killing target insects, the fungus must have an abundance of chitinase enzymes.…”

The role of entomopathogenic fungi in controling the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) at various altitudes of Arabica coffee plantations

“…The presence of fungal mycelia covering the insect's body can be noticed in insects that die after becoming infected with entomopathogenic fungus. Each genus of entomopathogenic fungi has a unique mycelium shape and color, such as the white mycelia of the genus Beuveria (Permadi;Sari, 2018;Bayu;Indiati, 2021;Qayyum et al, 2021), the green or greenish yellow mycelia of the genus Metharizium (Sanjaya;Ocampo;Caoili, 2013). The first signs of entomopathogenic fungus infection in insects include weakness and decreased feeding activity, which leads to eventual death (Pertiwi et al, 2016;Altinok;Altinok;Koca, 2019;Kova;Lackovi;Pernek, 2020).…”

“…The first signs of entomopathogenic fungus infection in insects include weakness and decreased feeding activity, which leads to eventual death (Pertiwi et al, 2016;Altinok;Altinok;Koca, 2019;Kova;Lackovi;Pernek, 2020). Insects that die from being afflicted with fungi become hardened like mummies (Pertiwi et al, 2016;Bayu;Indiati, 2021).…”

Exposure of Beauveria bassiana from different sites to changes in behaviour and mortality of oil palm beetle larvae: Oryctes rhinoceros

“…B. bassiana is a biological control agent for the class of entomopathogenic fungi which can kill various species and stages of insects starting from the egg, nymph/larva, and adult phases. The effectiveness of B. bassiana is related to the production of enzymes, and toxins that affect the nervous system and kill the host insect, so it has high potential to be used as a biological active ingredient to control pests [7]. B. bassiana produces various decomposing enzymes to help spores and hyphae enter through the insect cuticle [8].…”