Beamforming in the body: Energy-efficient and collision-free communication for implants

Swaminathan, Meenupriya; Vizziello, Anna; Duong, Davy; Savazzi, Pietro; Chowdhury, Kaushik R.

doi:10.1109/infocom.2017.8056989

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Moreover, given the developed sound cardbased testbed, the standard sample frequencies of the PC sound card need to be considered in the parameters setting. Therefore, considering the sampling frequency and desired data rate, the selected carrier frequency in this paper is 10 KHz, and the net data rate is 1.5 kbps, in line with several biomedical applications showing sparse and low rate traffic generated by implanted sensors [3], [15]. Anyhow, in practical applications, the achievable data rate may be modified according to the requirements, by appropriately choosing the value of f s , f sa and f c shown in Table 1.…”

Section: ) Frequency Parameters Selectionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The signal that spreads out of the body has twofold disadvantage: it is wasted since it can not be reliable measured by the implanted receiver and could create privacy risk since it could be detected by malicious devices outside. Thus GC does not exhibit privacy issues with the further advantage of consuming two orders of magnitude less energy than RF method [6], [15].…”

Section: A Alternative Non-rf Ibc Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PHY Design and Implementation of a Galvanic Coupling Testbed for Intra-Body Communication Links

et al. 2020

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Intra-body communication (IBC) is a novel key research area that will foster personalized medicine by allowing in situ and real time monitoring in daily life. In this work, the energy efficient galvanic coupling (GC) technology is used to send data through intra-body links. A novel sound card-based GC testbed is designed and implemented, whose main features are: (i) low equipment requirements since it only employs two ordinary PCs with sound card support and Matlab software, (ii) high flexibility since all the parameters setting may be easily modified through the PC control panel and Matlab programs, (iii) real time physiological data transmissions, and (iv) almost error free communication by developing specific physical (PHY) layer techniques, which are implemented and tested with a real chicken tissue in the experimental evaluation. A signal to noise ratio (SNR) calculation is also proposed with the twofold purpose to be used for frequency offset compensation and as metric to evaluate the proposed architecture. The developed GC testbed may be easily replicated by the interested research community to carry out simulation-based experiments, thus fostering new research in this field. Moreover, the Matlab source code of the proposed GC transceiver is freely available online on Code Ocean.

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Section: ) Frequency Parameters Selectionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: A Alternative Non-rf Ibc Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

PHY Design and Implementation of a Galvanic Coupling Testbed for Intra-Body Communication Links

et al. 2020

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“…Second, bio-nano things are deployed inside the body to create a network through molecular communication inside blood vessels and convey the signals measured by the sensors [13], [21]- [25]. Third, the platform developed in [26] can be utilized when connecting the IoBNT network to the relay chip under the skin. The system works based on galvanic coupling and enables communication through tissue.…”

Section: Iobnt and Blood Vessel Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Internet of bio-nano things in blood vessels: System design and prototypes

et al. 2023

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“…1(b)). This technology is suitable for implanted scenarios and consumes two orders of magnitude less energy than RF transceivers [23]. Its usual operating frequency range is 1 kHz-100 MHz with a coverage range up to 20 − 30 cm [21].…”

Section: A Coupling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Channel Characterization of Human Body Communication Based on Measured Impulse Response

Vizziello¹,

Savazzi²,

Dell’Acqua³

2023

Preprint

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<p>The emerging research area of intra-body communication (IBC) will foster personalized medicine by enabling interconnection of implanted devices that ensure pervasive patient monitoring and characterization. Communication takes place through energy-efficient technologies such as the capacitive coupling (CC) and galvanic coupling (GC) techniques, which enable body-area communication without wiring; however, the relative novelty of such communication methods means their modeling is still incomplete. This paper focuses on channel characterization of the human body, directly comparing for the first time CC and GC techniques in both wearable and implantable configuration. Experimental data are considered to evaluate the measured impulse response in both ex-vivo chicken tissue and in-vivo human tissue in a frequency range up to 100 kHz. Pseudorandom noise (PN) sequences are transmitted in baseband and a correlative channel sounding system is implemented to evaluate the channel impulse and frequency response through real measurements. Experimental results demonstrate that the channel is relatively flat in the frequency range of interest, which simplifies the design of a transceiver suitable for intra-body networks (IBNs).</p>

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Beamforming in the body: Energy-efficient and collision-free communication for implants

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

PHY Design and Implementation of a Galvanic Coupling Testbed for Intra-Body Communication Links

PHY Design and Implementation of a Galvanic Coupling Testbed for Intra-Body Communication Links

The Internet of bio-nano things in blood vessels: System design and prototypes

Experimental Channel Characterization of Human Body Communication Based on Measured Impulse Response

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