Bauxite residue issues: I. Current management, disposal and storage practices

Power, Greg; Gräfe, Markus; Klauber, C.

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.02.006

Cited by 598 publications

(338 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This storage method was used by the Ajka Timföldgyár Ltd at the time of the disaster. The risk of such a storage method is not limited only to the possibility of such a disaster but also to the liquor leakage through the sealant of the lagoon that may contaminate groundwater and soil [15]. This contamination source may have similar effects like the percolation water leaching through the red mud layer into the soil as simulated in this experiment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Effects of leaching from alkaline red mud on soil biota: modelling the conditions after the Hungarian red mud disaster

Rékási

Feigl

Uzinger

et al. 2013

Chemistry and Ecology

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A soil column experiment was set up to investigate the effect of red mud from Ajka (Hungary) on a typical soil profile from the concerned area. The chemical changes caused by the leachate of the red mud and the effects of these changes on living organisms were assessed. Ecotoxicological tests with Vibrio fischeri, Sinapis alba and Folsomia candida were performed and the number of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms was determined. The total, plant available, exchangeable and water soluble fractions of Na, Mo, Cu, and Cr increased in the soil mostly due to their leaching from the red mud layer and partly to the increase of the pH and DOC concentration. The chemical changes had significant effects on the test organisms only in the 0 -30 cm soil layer except for F. candida that had a lower survival rate also in the 30 -50 cm soil layer. There were no severe toxic effects detected on the test organisms. Furthermore in case of the aerobic heterotrophic cell number and S. alba germination a stimulating effect was revealed. However, the red mud itself was toxic, therefore the performed ecotoxicology tests have justified the removal of red mud from the soil surface after the disaster.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Effects of leaching from alkaline red mud on soil biota: modelling the conditions after the Hungarian red mud disaster

Rékási

Feigl

Uzinger

et al. 2013

Chemistry and Ecology

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“…Raising demand for alumina worldwide has increased the rate of bauxite residue production. Globally, the accumulative storage of bauxite residue has arrived at over 4 billion tons, and is still rapidly increasing [6][7][8], and as yet there is no economic alternative to landfill [9][10][11][12][13]. Therefore, almost all bauxite residue continues to be stored indefinitely in bauxite residue disposal areas (BRDAs) [14,15], which require on-going efforts to manage the waste and lower its potential to contaminate water, occupy land and disturb the surrounding ecology [16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid transformation of bauxite residue: Conversion of its alkaline characteristics

Kong

Xue

et al. 2017

Journal of Hazardous Materials

141

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Graphical abstractHighlights  Speciation and transformation of solid and soluble alkalinities were investigated. SEM, NEXAFS, and STXM were used to observe particle morphology and alkaline Na speciation and distribution. Gypsum combination promoted leaching of Na-bearing solids and the replacement of exchangeable Na. The use of organic citric acid to transform bauxite residue alkalinity.ABSTRACT: Bauxite residue (BR) is a highly alkaline solid hazardous waste produced from bauxite processing for alumina production. Alkaline transformation appears to reduce the environmental risk of bauxite residue disposal areas (BRDAs) whilst potentially providing opportunities for the sustainable reuse and on-going management of BR. Mineral acids, a novel citric acid and a hybrid combination of acid-gypsum treatments were investigated for their potential to reduce residue pH and total alkalinity and transform the alkaline mineral phase. XRD results revealed that with the exception of andradite, the primary alkaline solid phases of cancrinite, grossular and calcite were transformed into discriminative products based on the transformation used. Supernatants separated from BR and transformed bauxite residue (TBR) displayed distinct changes in soluble Na, Ca and Al, and a reduction in pH and total alkalinity. SEM images suggest that mineral acid transformations promote macro-aggregate formation, and the positive promotion of citric acid, confirming the removal or reduction in soluble and exchangeable Na. NEXAFS analysis of Na K-edge revealed that the chemical speciation of Na in TBRs was consistent with BR.Three acid treatments and gypsum combination had no effect on Na speciation, which affects the distribution of Na revealed by sodium STXM imaging.

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“…To put this statement into context, consider that at least 120 million tonnes of ARR are generated each year by refineries in Australia, Brazil, China, France, India, Romania, Russia and elsewhere (Chuan-Sheng & Dong-Yan, 2012), with projections of 140 mt by 2018, according to Probert (2014). As one of the world's largest industrial waste byproducts, with about three billion tonnes currently stockpiled in impoundments around the world (Power, et al, 2011) and up to four billion tonnes projected for stockpile or disposal by 2018 (Fiscor, 2013), the issue of safely storing, monitoring and managing hazardous ARR and its potential human, environmental and social impacts are non-trivial worldwide industrial and social challenges. Consider, for example, the October 2010 Hungary disaster during which ten people died (Mayes et al, 2016) and life in a neighbouring river was entirely 'extinguished' as a result of a one million tonne ARR spill, to put this conclusion into context (BBC News, 2010).…”

Section: Industrial Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial Sustainability and the Circular Economy as Counterparts to the Self-Referral Structure of Natural Law: Part II – A Global Case Study

Fergusson¹

2017

OSJ

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Part I of this two-part series of research papers identified the theoretical foundations of industrial sustainability and circular economy in the structure of Natural Law, as explained by Maharishi Vedic Science. Part I showed that all levels of a manifest hierarchy are governed by self-referral and selfinteracting feedback loops, and maintained that the circular economic model represents a counterpart to the self-referral mechanics of Natural Law and is therefore more in accord with Natural Law than the standard linear 'take, make, dispose'economic model, which is unsustainable due to its attitude to and management of energy and other resource portfolios, waste and end-of-life products. This Part II explores the self-referral structure of Natural Law in the context of one of the world's largest industrial hazardous wastes: alumina refinery residue or 'red mud'. The paper examines how this solid waste residue, which is generated at a rate of more than 120 million tonnes each year, can: a) be incorporated into a sustainable, circular economic model in order to reduce waste and improve productivity; and b) be reused or repurposed as either a feedstock to other industrial and municipal processes, such as concrete and cementitious product manufacture, agriculture and mine site rehabilitation, or, if such reuse applications generate other forms of waste, how these, too, can enter further cascading circular economies through beneficial reuse.

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Bauxite residue issues: I. Current management, disposal and storage practices

Cited by 598 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of leaching from alkaline red mud on soil biota: modelling the conditions after the Hungarian red mud disaster

Effects of leaching from alkaline red mud on soil biota: modelling the conditions after the Hungarian red mud disaster

Acid transformation of bauxite residue: Conversion of its alkaline characteristics

Industrial Sustainability and the Circular Economy as Counterparts to the Self-Referral Structure of Natural Law: Part II – A Global Case Study

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