Battery collection in municipal waste management in Japan: Challenges for hazardous substance control and safety

Terazono, Atsushi; Oguchi, Masahiro; Iino, Shigenori; Mogi, Satoshi

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.038

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…NiCd batteries weigh between 14 and 1500 g (95% CI), whereas Pb batteries are the heaviest batteries weighing between 15 g and 4300 g (95% CI). These values are consistent with the results of Bigum et al [13] and Terazono et al [20].…”

Section: Weee Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…However, the collection rate of portable batteries throughout European Union (EU) member states is low and stagnating between 25 and 45% [3] caused by, among others, hibernation in the 'urban mine' [2] and disposal via complementary waste streams such as residual waste [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Furthermore, batteries still contained in WEEE might not be separated prior to or during WEEE treatment [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and will accordingly not be sent to an adequate battery treatment. In particular, built-in batteries can only be separated with great effort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing the Urban Mine—Simulation-Based Optimization of Sampling Approaches for Built-in Batteries in WEEE

et al. 2020

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Comprehensive knowledge of built-in batteries in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is required for sound and save WEEE management. However, representative sampling is challenging due to the constantly changing composition of WEEE flows and battery systems. Necessary knowledge, such as methodologically uniform procedures and recommendations for the determination of minimum sample sizes (MSS) for representative results, is missing. The direct consequences are increased sampling efforts, lack of quality-assured data, gaps in the monitoring of battery losses in complementary flows, and impeded quality control of depollution during WEEE treatment. In this study, we provide detailed data sets on built-in batteries in WEEE and propose a non-parametric approach (NPA) to determine MSS. For the pilot dataset, more than 23 Mg WEEE (6500 devices) were sampled, examined for built-in batteries, and classified according to product-specific keys (UNUkeys and BATTkeys). The results show that 21% of the devices had battery compartments, distributed over almost all UNUkeys considered and that only about every third battery was removed prior to treatment. Moreover, the characterization of battery masses (BM) and battery mass shares (BMS) using descriptive statistical analysis showed that neither product- nor battery-specific characteristics are given and that the assumption of (log-)normally distributed data is not generally applicable. Consequently, parametric approaches (PA) to determine the MSS for representative sampling are prone to be biased. The presented NPA for MSS using data-driven simulation (bootstrapping) shows its applicability despite small sample sizes and inconclusive data distribution. If consistently applied, the method presented can be used to optimize future sampling and thus reduce sampling costs and efforts while increasing data quality.

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Section: Weee Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the Urban Mine—Simulation-Based Optimization of Sampling Approaches for Built-in Batteries in WEEE

et al. 2020

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“…Moreover, public campaigns on the one hand taking the decision-drivers for WEEE owners into account [17], and assistance for consumers by retailers and recycling centers on the other could help to raise consumer awareness and thus possibly achieve a higher removal rate of button cells. (see also [18] for Japanese experience).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

An Examination of Batteries Remaining in Used Electric and Electronic Devices: Insights Gained from a Transdisciplinary Project

et al. 2016

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The volume of batteries, especially high-energy batteries, in electric and electronic devices is increasing. They are mainly used in small electric and electronic devices, e.g., mobile phones, laptops, household equipment, and tools. With regard to WEEE, these batteries will either remain in the used appliances or be removed by their users for separate collection. Batteries must be removed at the latest during dismantling in order to avoid loss or damage when WEEE is shredded. A representative sample of 2 mg of small WEEE was collected from take-back points in a German city in order to obtain an impression of consumer behavior. The batteries not removed from used electric and electronic appliances submitted by their owners were examined with regard to their type and condition, i.e., whether they were damaged or not. About 20% of all WEEE ran either completely or partially on batteries. Almost half of the batteries had been removed before the used electronic appliances were submitted at the take-back points. By contrast to standard batteries, the volume of special batteries (mainly Li ion or NiCd accumulators) remaining in the appliances amounted to about 75%. Some further conclusions on the way consumers handle batteries could be drawn from the results.

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“…Hence, the recycling facilities may tackle HDDs recycling as well, specifically in shreddingbased recovery systems. Although HDD-embedded electronic devices mostly contain secondary batteries, not primary ones, there is almost no collection program limited to used primary batteries and consumers usually return them together with the other types of electronic waste (Terazono et al 2015). Therefore, used HDDs are possibly flowed into the same directions as used primary batteries.…”

Section: Materials and Method: Estimation And Mapping Of The Global Flmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Flow of Hard Disk Drives: Quantifying the Concept of Value Leakage in E‐waste Recovery Systems

Sabbaghi

Cade²,

Olson

et al. 2018

J of Industrial Ecology

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Summary The remaining value within end‐of‐use/life hard disk drives (EoU/L HDDs) is often not optimally recovered. The improper collection and recovery of HDDs contribute not only to rising environmental and social concerns worldwide, but also to the transformation of the economy and a significant loss of value. Currently, the most preferred treatment option for used hard drives is to recover the metals with the highest recycling effectiveness, such as steel and aluminum, via a shredding‐based recycling process that results in both value and material leakages. The complexity of retrieving the remaining values within EoU/L HDDs demands a larger view of the global supply of HDDs available for recovery. The aim of this paper is to first identify the geographical patterns of transboundary global shipments of new and used HDDs between developing and developed regions, and then capture and quantify the value leakage by bringing several unique perspectives. Two analyses have been conducted. First, the loss of value due to the insufficient recovery of neodymium (Nd) at the global level is quantified. Second, the value leakage as a result of the delay on on‐time reuse of HDDs is captured. Furthermore, the central challenges toward proper recovery of HDDs, where consumer electronic industry can make significant contributions, have been identified. HDDs are well positioned to contribute important insights to the recovery of other electronic devices, so the findings from HDDs can be adopted for other types of electronics.

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Battery collection in municipal waste management in Japan: Challenges for hazardous substance control and safety

Cited by 45 publications

References 8 publications

Characterizing the Urban Mine—Simulation-Based Optimization of Sampling Approaches for Built-in Batteries in WEEE

Characterizing the Urban Mine—Simulation-Based Optimization of Sampling Approaches for Built-in Batteries in WEEE

An Examination of Batteries Remaining in Used Electric and Electronic Devices: Insights Gained from a Transdisciplinary Project

The Global Flow of Hard Disk Drives: Quantifying the Concept of Value Leakage in E‐waste Recovery Systems

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