Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Darwin’s frog Rhinoderma spp. in Chile

Bourke, Johara; Mutschmann, Frank; Ohst, Torsten; Ulmer, P.; Gutsche, Alexander; Busse, Klaus; Werning, H.; Boehme, W.

doi:10.3354/dao02239

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Bd has been detected recently in the introduced frog species Xenopus laevis (Solis et al 2010) and in the native species Rhinoderma darwinii (Bourke et al 2010). In the present study, we obtained additional information on the distribution of Bd in Chile and on the species infected.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

New records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Chilean frogs

Bourke¹,

Ohst²,

Gräser³

et al. 2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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We used molecular techniques to examine 11 species of frogs in 6 localities in southern Chile to ascertain the incidence of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We detected the fungus in 2 localities (Coñaripe and Raúl Marín Balmaceda) in 3 species: Batrachyla leptopus, Pleurodema thaul and Rhinoderma darwinii. Our findings expand the list of Bd hosts to include B. leptopus and P. thaul and extend the spatial distribution in Chile to include the southernmost Bd record at Raúl Marín Balmaceda.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

New records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Chilean frogs

Bourke¹,

Ohst²,

Gräser³

et al. 2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…(see Appendix S2). For R. darwinii , 24 unique locations were reported in the scientific literature [4], [6], [9], [13], [16], [23], [36], [37], [38] and an additional 90 unique locations were established from the collection data for archived specimens. Based on these results, and the new locations of R. darwinii found in the current study (see below), the historical ranges for R. rufum and R. darwinii are presented in Figure 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xenopus laevis has been associated with the emergence and global spread of the amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) [59], [60]. Recently, Bd has been identified in wild populations of X. laevis in Chile [61] and chytridiomycosis has been reported as a cause of mortality of R. darwinii in captivity [36], [43]. The impacts of Bd on sympatric wild amphibians, including Darwin’s frogs, in Chile have not been investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Population Decline and Extinction of Darwin’s Frogs

et al. 2013

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Darwin’s frogs (Rhinoderma darwinii and R. rufum) are two species of mouth-brooding frogs from Chile and Argentina. Here, we present evidence on the extent of declines, current distribution and conservation status of Rhinoderma spp.; including information on abundance, habitat and threats to extant Darwin’s frog populations. All known archived Rhinoderma specimens were examined in museums in North America, Europe and South America. Extensive surveys were carried out throughout the historical ranges of R. rufum and R. darwinii from 2008 to 2012. Literature review and location data of 2,244 archived specimens were used to develop historical distribution maps for Rhinoderma spp. Based on records of sightings, optimal linear estimation was used to estimate whether R. rufum can be considered extinct. No extant R. rufum was found and our modelling inferred that this species became extinct in 1982 (95% CI, 1980–2000). Rhinoderma darwinii was found in 36 sites. All populations were within native forest and abundance was highest in Chiloé Island, when compared with Coast, Andes and South populations. Estimated population size and density (five populations) averaged 33.2 frogs/population (range, 10.2–56.3) and 14.9 frogs/100 m2 (range, 5.3–74.1), respectively. Our results provide further evidence that R. rufum is extinct and indicate that R. darwinii has declined to a much greater degree than previously recognised. Although this species can still be found across a large part of its historical range, remaining populations are small and severely fragmented. Conservation efforts for R. darwinii should be stepped up and the species re-classified as Endangered.

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“…Bd has locally been reported in Ecuador [ 9 ], Uruguay [ 10 ], Venezuela [ 11 ], Peru [ 12 ], Argentina [ 13 ], Chile [ 14 ], Colombia [ 15 ] and coastal Brazil [ 16 ] and therefore in nearly the entirety of South America. Despite these numerous studies, we currently lack a comprehensive understanding of Bd distribution in South America.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread Occurrence of Bd in French Guiana, South America

et al. 2015

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The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a purported agent of decline and extinction of many amphibian populations worldwide. Its occurrence remains poorly documented in many tropical regions, including the Guiana Shield, despite the area’s high amphibian diversity. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of Bd in French Guiana in order to (1) determine its geographical distribution, (2) test variation of Bd prevalence among species in French Guiana and compare it to earlier reported values in other South American anuran species (http://www.bd-maps.net; 123 species from 15 genera) to define sentinel species for future work, (3) track changes in prevalence through time and (4) determine if Bd presence had a negative effect on one selected species. We tested the presence of Bd in 14 species at 11 sites for a total of 1053 samples (306 in 2009 and 747 in 2012). At least one Bd-positive individual was found at eight out of 11 sites, suggesting a wide distribution of Bd in French Guiana. The pathogen was not uniformly distributed among the studied amphibian hosts, with Dendrobatidae species displaying the highest prevalence (12.4%) as compared to Bufonidae (2.6 %) and Hylidae (1.5%). In contrast to earlier reported values, we found highest prevalence for three Dendrobatidae species and two of them displayed an increase in Bd prevalence from 2009 to 2012. Those three species might be the sentinel species of choice for French Guiana. For Dendrobates tinctorius, of key conservation value in the Guiana Shield, smaller female individuals were more likely to be infected, suggesting either that frogs can outgrow their chytrid infections or that the disease induces developmental stress limiting growth. Generally, our study supports the idea that Bd is more widespread than previously thought and occurs at remote places in the lowland forest of the Guiana shield.

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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Darwin’s frog Rhinoderma spp. in Chile

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

New records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Chilean frogs

New records of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Chilean frogs

The Population Decline and Extinction of Darwin’s Frogs

Widespread Occurrence of Bd in French Guiana, South America

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