Bathurst Burr (Xanthium spinosum) Powder—A New Natural Effective Adsorbent for Crystal Violet Dye Removal from Synthetic Wastewaters

Abstract

A new natural adsorbent material, Bathurst burr powder, was used to remove crystal violet dye from synthetic wastewaters. Particle size distribution and SEM and FTIR analyses were performed to characterize it. The effect of the operational adsorption process parameters (pH, ionic strength, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature) onto the adsorption process was evaluated in a batch system. Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies were performed in order to understand the adsorption process. Taguchi method and ANOVA test were used to optimize the dye adsorption conditions and to establish the percentage contribution of each factor, respectively. The accuracy of the Taguchi prediction method was analyzed by correlating the predicted dye removal efficiency with the experimentally determined one. The particle size distribution analysis showed that 82.15% of the adsorbent particles have an average size below 0.5 mm. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model. Maximum adsorption capacity value (164.10 mg·g−1) was higher compared to many similar adsorbents. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and favorably involving a physisorption mechanism. The Taguchi method showed that the most influential controllable factor was pH (65% contribution in adsorption efficiency) and the data analysis indicates a very good accuracy of the experimental design (R2 = 0.994). The obtained results demonstrated that Bathurst burr powder can be used as a cheap and efficient adsorbent for crystal violet dye removal from aqueous solution.

A Novel High-Efficiency Natural Biosorbent Material Obtained from Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Leaf Biomass for Cationic Dyes Adsorption

“…These observations suggest that O–H and C–H bonds may be involved in dye retention. The rest of the peaks kept their initial positions and no new ones appeared, indicating no breaking or formation of new bonds after adsorption; therefore, physical adsorption is the main mechanism involved in the process [ 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

“…These two observations indicate that the primary mechanism involved in the absorption is physisorption [ 23 , 31 , 87 ]. The value of ΔH 0 lower than 20 (kJ mol −1 ) indicates that van der Waals forces are implied and have an important role in the physical adsorption process [ 52 , 88 , 89 ].…”

Utilizing Novel Lignocellulosic Material from Hart’s-Tongue Fern (Asplenium scolopendrium) Leaves for Crystal Violet Adsorption: Characterization, Application, and Optimization

“…The solutions' viscosity decreases as the temperature rises, therefore the mobility of the dye molecules increases. This has a beneficial impact on the adsorption capacity with the process being endothermic [58][59][60]. While increasing the ionic strength of the solution may introduce competition between crystal violet cations and sodium ions for the occupation of adsorption sites on the adsorbate surface, this does not significantly affect the retention of the dye.…”

“…This has a beneficial impact on the adsorption capacity with the process being endothermic [58][59][60].…”

“…The solutions' viscosity decreases as the temperature rises, therefore the mobility of the dye molecules increases. This has a beneficial impact on the adsorption capacity with the process being endothermic [58][59][60]. The maximum absorption capacities of various similar adsorbents obtained from plant leaves and used for crystal violet adsorption are compared in Table 2.…”