Batch leaching tests of motherboards to assess environmental contamination by bromine, platinum group elements and other selected heavy metals

Almeida, César Américo; Grosselli, Melina; González, Alma Patricia; Martínez, Dante; Gil, Raúl A.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.035

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Based on a real-life scenario, the present study revealed that the direct disposal of PCBMs into fresh- and saltwater bodies could lead to the release of different types of chemical substances, even after a leaching period of 30 days. Similarly, Lithner et al [ 31 ] reported that different discarded electronic products can leach toxic compounds during a short-term (3 days) period of leaching into pure water (pH 7, 23 °C), while Almeida et al [ 21 ] reported that PCMBs trace elements could be leached into DW (pH 4.8) even after the first days of a prolonged leaching period (120 days). According to the latter, it seems reasonable to suggest that even under mild leaching conditions, in terms of constant temperature and natural to alkaline pH values ((pH 7–8, 17 °C), inorganic anions, trace elements, and organic toxicants can be leached by PCMBs into both media tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No size reduction or dismantling of the PCMBs components was conducted before and during the test. DW selection as leaching medium was based on its further usage for preparing algal culture medium and conducting CBMN assay, thus avoiding interferences and equivocal results, while the CPBM leaching period was 30 days, according to previous studies that showed the presence of PCMBs leaching chemicals into the aquatic media [ 21 , 31 ]. In parallel, tanks containing PCMB-free DW and/or ASW were used as reference ones.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCMBs account for almost 6–9% of the total weight of PCs [ 20 ], and possess high concentrations of heavy metals, like Ag, As, Au, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, U, and Zn, as well as uranium, bromine, Rare Earth Elements (REEs). and Platinum Group Metals (PGMs, like Ir, Pd, Pt and Rh), whose leaching could be harmful to both aquatic biota and human health [ 11 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Moreover, it has been recently reported that inappropriate handling or primitive recycling processes of e-wastes could lead to the release of dioxins, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as radioactive isotopes [ 10 , 24 ], thus being responsible for air, soil, and water resources contamination [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Potential Risk of Electronic Waste Disposal into Aquatic Media: The Case of Personal Computer Motherboards

Kalamaras

Kloukinioti

Αντωνοπούλου

et al. 2021

Toxics

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Considering that electronic wastes (e-wastes) have been recently recognized as a potent environmental and human threat, the present study aimed to assess the potential risk of personal computer motherboards (PCMBs) leaching into aquatic media, following a real-life scenario. Specifically, PCMBs were submerged for 30 days in both distilled water (DW) and artificial seawater (ASW). Afterwards, PCMBs leachates were chemically characterized (i.e., total organic carbon, ions, and trace elements) and finally used (a) for culturing freshwater (Chlorococcum sp. and Scenedesmus rubescens) and saltwater (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Tisochrysis lutea) microalgae for 10 days (240 h), (b) as the exposure medium for mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (96 h exposure), and (c) for performing the Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay in human lymphocytes cultures. According to the results, PCMBs could mediate both fresh- and marine algae growth rates over time, thus enhancing the cytotoxic, oxidative, and genotoxic effects in the hemocytes of mussels (in terms of lysosomal membrane impairment, lipid peroxidation, and NO content and micronuclei formation, respectively), as well as human lymphocytes (in terms of MN formation and CBPI values, respectively). The current findings clearly revealed that PCMBs leaching into the aquatic media could pose detrimental effects on both aquatic organisms and human cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Potential Risk of Electronic Waste Disposal into Aquatic Media: The Case of Personal Computer Motherboards

Kalamaras

Kloukinioti

Αντωνοπούλου

et al. 2021

Toxics

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“…In general, the global demand for primary PGMs is increasing due to their wide applications. A major use is in automobile catalytic converters to reduce toxic exhaust fumes (Osterauer et al ., ; Wiseman and Zereini, ; Almeida et al ., ). The catalysts are routinely ‘thrifted’ by varying the catalytic composition according to the PGM market price (Mouza et al ., ; Xiao and Laplante, ) but PGM loadings on catalytic converters are unlikely to decrease further overall due to stringent vehicle emissions regulations (Bloxham, ; Yang, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Biorefining of platinum group metals from model waste solutions into catalytically active bimetallic nanoparticles

Murray

Zhu

Wood

et al. 2017

Microbial Biotechnology

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SummaryBacteria can fabricate platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts cheaply, a key consideration of industrial processes and waste decontaminations. Biorecovery of PGMs from wastes is promising but PGM leachates made from metallic scraps are acidic. A two‐step biosynthesis ‘pre‐seeds’ metallic deposits onto bacterial cells benignly; chemical reduction of subsequent metal from acidic solution via the seeds makes bioscaffolded nanoparticles (NPs). Cells of Escherichia coli were seeded using Pd(II) or Pt(IV) and exposed to a mixed Pd(II)/Pt(IV) model solution under H2 to make bimetallic catalyst. Its catalytic activity was assessed in the reduction of Cr(VI), with 2 wt% or 5 wt% preloading of Pd giving the best catalytic activity, while 1 wt% seeds gave a poorer catalyst. Use of Pt seeds gave less effective catalyst in the final bimetallic catalyst, attributed to fewer and larger initial seeds as shown by electron microscopy, which also showed a different pattern of Pd and Pt deposition. Bimetallic catalyst (using cells preloaded with 2 wt% Pd) was used in the hydrogenation of soybean oil which was enhanced by ~fourfold using the bimetallic catalyst made from a model waste solution as compared to 2 wt% Pd preloaded cells alone, with a similar selectivity to cis C18:1 product as found using a Pd‐Al2O3 commercial catalyst.

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“…With the introduction of automobile catalytic converters, Pt and Pd (PGEs) have been extensively released into the environment and have thus been increasingly studied by environmental scientists (Dubiella-Jackowska et al 2009;Wiseman and Zereini 2009;Almeida et al 2016). In addition to vehicular traffic, PGE emissions can also derive from effluents from hospitals, dental laboratories and jewellery manifacturing (Jollie 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and origin of organic and inorganic pollution in urban soils in Pisa (Tuscany, Italy)

Cardelli

Vanni

Marchini

et al. 2017

Environ Monit Assess

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We assessed the quality of 31 urban soils in Pisa by analyzing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and the platinum group elements (PGEs). The risk was evaluated by the geological accumulation index (I ) and the enrichment factor (EF). Results were compared with those obtained from a non-urban site and with the quantitative limits fixed by Italian legislation. In nearly all the monitored sites, the legal limit for TPH of 60 mg/kg in residential areas was exceeded, indicating widespread and intense pollution throughout the entire city area. The I indicated no Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn pollution and minimal Pb and Cr pollution due to anthropogenic enrichment. Legal Hg and Zn limits of 1 and 150 mg/kg, respectively, were exceeded in about 20% of sites; Cd (2 mg/kg), Cr (150 mg/kg), and Cu (120 mg/kg) in only one site; and the Ni legal limit of 120 mg/kg was never exceeded. Some urban soils showed a higher Hg level than the more restrictive legal limit of 5 mg/kg concerning areas for industrial use. Based on the soluble, exchangeable, and carbonate-bound fractions, Mn and Zn showed the highest mobility, suggesting a more potential risk of soil contamination than the other metals. The TPH and both Cr and Hg amounts were not correlated with any of the other monitored metals. The total contents of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu in soils were positively correlated with each other, suggesting a common origin from vehicular traffic. The PGE values (Pt and Pd) were below the detection limits in 75%-90% of the monitored areas, suggesting that their accumulation is at an early stage.

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Batch leaching tests of motherboards to assess environmental contamination by bromine, platinum group elements and other selected heavy metals

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

The Potential Risk of Electronic Waste Disposal into Aquatic Media: The Case of Personal Computer Motherboards

The Potential Risk of Electronic Waste Disposal into Aquatic Media: The Case of Personal Computer Motherboards

Biorefining of platinum group metals from model waste solutions into catalytically active bimetallic nanoparticles

Characterization and origin of organic and inorganic pollution in urban soils in Pisa (Tuscany, Italy)

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