Basic Structure of the Villous Trees

Castellucci, Mario; Kaufmann, Peter

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4199-5_6

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 432 publications

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“…1F and 2F). This is consistent with previous findings showing that vimentinpositive FIBs are distributed throughout the stem villus, whereas mFIBs and smooth muscle cells are found at perivascular sites [15,16]. It is of note, that no staining was observed in the presence of isotype-matched non-specific antibody (Figs.…”

Section: In Vivo Expression Of Tlr-2 and Tlr-4 In Term Placentasupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Major cell types in placenta include syncytiotrophoblast (SCT), the cell layer that lines the intervillous space and is in direct contact with maternal blood, and several populations of underlying fibroblasts (FIBs) that manifest different phenotypes including perivascular myofibroblasts (mFIBs) [16]. To simplify terminology, both the single layer of SCT observed in vivo and the units of SCT generated in vitro will be referred to as SCTs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell Type-specific Expression and Function of Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 in Human Placenta: Implications in Fetal Infection

Krikun

Abrahams

et al. 2007

Placenta

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Placental infection is associated with adverse fetal outcomes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical regulators of the innate immune response based on their ability to recognize and respond to pathogenassociated molecular patterns expressed by microbes. To date, cell-type specific expression and regulation of TLR function in human term placenta remains largely unelucidated. The goal of the current study was to examine the in vivo and in vitro patterns of TLR expression and function in major cell types of term placenta.Immunohistochemical analysis of terminal and stem villi localized TLR-2, which recognizes peptidoglycan (PG) from Gram-positive bacteria, to endothelial cells and macrophages, and to a lesser extent to syncytiotrophoblast (SCTs) and fibroblasts (FIBs). Staining for TLR-4, the receptor for Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was most prominent in SCTs and endothelial cells. Results from Western blotting, conventional, and quantitative PCR (qRTPCR) analyses using protein and mRNA isolated from cultures of SCTs and myofibroblasts (mFIBs) revealed that SCTs expressed TLR-2 and TLR-4, whereas mFIBs expressed only TLR-4. In addition, qRTPCR showed that LPS treatment increased TLR-2 expression in SCTs, indicating that infection with Gramnegative bacteria may enhance innate immune responses in placenta toward a broad range of microorganisms. In addition, treatment with LPS increased IL-8 levels in both SCTs and mFIBs, whereas PG treatment only stimulated IL-8 levels in SCTs. Our results indicate that there exist cell type-specific patterns of TLR function in placenta which likely regulate innate immune response at the maternal-fetal interface.

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Section: In Vivo Expression Of Tlr-2 and Tlr-4 In Term Placentasupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Type-specific Expression and Function of Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 in Human Placenta: Implications in Fetal Infection

Krikun

Abrahams

et al. 2007

Placenta

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“…This fusion is also important for the syncytial hormonal function. [4] Thin Cy and hence the placental barrier increase the utero-placental blood flow into the intervillous spaces, thus ensuring adequate maternal nutrient supply to the fetus. [2,4] Moreover, thin Cy cells ensure proper invasion to the endometrium and its spiral arteries as the Cy at the tips of the villi grows out to penetrate into the decidualised uterus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4] Thin Cy and hence the placental barrier increase the utero-placental blood flow into the intervillous spaces, thus ensuring adequate maternal nutrient supply to the fetus. [2,4] Moreover, thin Cy cells ensure proper invasion to the endometrium and its spiral arteries as the Cy at the tips of the villi grows out to penetrate into the decidualised uterus. [4] Placental invasion and establishment of enough maternal blood supply are key processes in placental development, their dysregulation is associated with pregnancy diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2,3] A proper coordination of trophoblast proliferation, differentiation and invasion is required for placental development. [3,4] The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy can only be sustained if there is an appropriate nutrient supply to ensure placental and fetal development. To make sure that the supply of nutrients is essential to fetal survival, the placenta continuously undergoes changes in weight, structure, shape and function during gestation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrastructure of the placenta in gestational diabetes mellitus

Hassan¹,

Essa²

2016

Anatomy

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Objectives: The placenta plays critical roles during pregnancy and is essential for fetal growth and development. Its functions are determined by the ultrastructure of the placental barrier that is an important feature to maintain the exchange surface area between the fetus and the mother. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) comprises unfit conditions for embryonic and feto-placental development, and may result in placental abnormalities. The aim of this study was to detect the ultrastructural changes of the placenta in women with GDM. Methods:The placentas of 10 women with GDM without pregestational diabetics, hypertension and chronic diseases and 10 controls were studied. Six control women were delivered vaginally and the remaining cases by caesarian section at a gestational age of 36 to 39 weeks. Placental samples were measured for their thickness and prepared for light and transmission electron microscopy study.Results: Light microscopic study of the control placentas showed numerous densely packed microvilli with syncytial knots and thin-walled blood vessels and wide intervillous spaces. The placentas of GDM cases showed reduced number of microvilli with syncytial knots, thick-walled vessels, edematous spaces, areas of fibrosis and perivillous fibrinoid degeneration. Electron microscopic study of the placentas of the control women showed terminal villi with a thick layer of syncytiotrophoblasts (Sy) with a lot of regular cylindrical microvilli and a thin layer of cytotrophoblasts (Cy). There were some endoplasmic reticulum cisternae besides few mitochondria. The underlying villus core was harboring fetal capillaries lined with flat endothelial cells and thin basement membrane. There was no fibrosis or edema. In the placenta of GDM women, there was hypertrophy of Cy with atrophy of Sy with multiple vacuoles and areas for glycogen storage. The subtrophoblastic membrane was thick and the microvilli were scarce. The villous core showed congested capillaries, stromal macrophages, edematous spaces, glycogen storage areas and fibrosis. Conclusion:All the changes in placentas of gestational diabetes were attributed to associated hypoxia and oxidative stress due to decreased uteroplacental flow that was aggravated by the thick placental barrier and the presence of edema, fibrosis and glycogen storage areas that increased the distance of transfer between the fetus and mother.

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Physiological and Pathophysiological Role of Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels (BKCa) in HUVECs and Placenta

Neira

Torres

et al. 2023

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Basic Structure of the Villous Trees

Cited by 19 publications

References 432 publications

Cell Type-specific Expression and Function of Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 in Human Placenta: Implications in Fetal Infection

Cell Type-specific Expression and Function of Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 in Human Placenta: Implications in Fetal Infection

Ultrastructure of the placenta in gestational diabetes mellitus

Physiological and Pathophysiological Role of Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels (BKCa) in HUVECs and Placenta

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