Basic Concepts on Systems of Systems

Ceccarelli, Andrea; Bondavalli, Andrea; Froemel, Bernhard; Hoeftberger, Oliver; Kopetz, Hermann

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47590-5_1

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It has its roots in the control theory or CPS where a system is called robust if it continues to function properly under faults of stochastic nature (e.g., noise). In recent work on the concepts of cyber-physical systems-of-systems (CPSoS) [4], robustness is extended to consider also the security issues in CPS as well: "Robustness is the dependability with respect to external faults (including malicious external actions)". Figure 4 summarizes the attributes of a resilient system.…”

Section: Attributes Of Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cyber-physical systems (CPS) [1][2][3][4] are the emerging smart information and communications technology (ICT) that are deeply influencing our society in several application domains. Examples include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), wireless sensor networks, (semi-) autonomous cars [5], vehicular networks [3] and a new generation of sophisticated life-critical and networked medical devices [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Roadmap Toward the Resilient Internet of Things for Cyber-Physical Systems

et al. 2019

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a ubiquitous system connecting many different devices -the things -which can be accessed from the distance. The cyber-physical systems (CPS) monitor and control the things from the distance. As a result, the concepts of dependability and security get deeply intertwined. The increasing level of dynamicity, heterogeneity, and complexity adds to the system's vulnerability, and challenges its ability to react to faults. This paper summarizes state-of-the-art of existing work on anomaly detection, fault-tolerance and self-healing, and adds a number of other methods applicable to achieve resilience in an IoT. We particularly focus on non-intrusive methods ensuring data integrity in the network. Furthermore, this paper presents the main challenges in building a resilient IoT for CPS which is crucial in the era of smart CPS with enhanced connectivity (an excellent example of such a system is connected autonomous vehicles). It further summarizes our solutions, work-in-progress and future work to this topic to enable "Trustworthy IoT for CPS". Finally, this framework is illustrated on a selected use case: A smart sensor infrastructure in the transport domain.

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Section: Attributes Of Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Roadmap Toward the Resilient Internet of Things for Cyber-Physical Systems

et al. 2019

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“…These distributed networked control systems (DNCSs) are therefore characterized by their capabilities for cooperative control, 31 thus operating as a type of system of systems (SoS). 45 From a system-theoretic perspective, we argue that an SoS integrates formerly independent feedback control loops into an interdependent set of control loops, allowing the realization of cooperative tasks to achieve a higher common goal. Illustrative examples include independent robotic arms holding and rotating together an object in a factory, the steering and braking systems of a car autonomously interacting to avoid a collision, among others.…”

Section: Second Perspective: From Cybernetics To Cpssmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualizing the key features of cyber‐physical systems in a multi‐layered representation for safety and security analysis

Guzman

Wied

Kozine

et al. 2019

Systems Engineering

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Many safety‐related systems are evolving into cyber‐physical systems (CPSs), integrating information technologies in their control architectures and modifying the interactions among automation and human operators. Particularly, a promising potential exists for enhanced efficiency and safety in applications such as autonomous transportation systems, control systems in critical infrastructures, smart manufacturing and process plants, robotics, and smart medical devices, among others. However, the modern features of CPSs are ambiguous for system designers and risk analysts, especially considering the role of humans and the interactions between safety and security. The sources of safety risks are not restricted to accidental failures and errors anymore. Indeed, cybersecurity attacks can now cascade into safety risks leading to physical harm to the system and its environment. These new challenges demand system engineers and risk analysts to understand the security vulnerabilities existing in CPS features and their dependencies with physical processes. Therefore, this paper (a) examines the key features of CPSs and their relation with other system types; (b) defines the dependencies between levels of automation and human roles in CPSs from a systems engineering perspective; and (c) applies systems thinking to describe a multi‐layered diagrammatic representation of CPSs for combined safety and security risk analysis, demonstrating an application in the maritime sector to analyze an autonomous surface vehicle.

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“…Under these viewpoints, we studied SoS in different domains (railway, automotive, smart energy grids, global automated teller machine network, and crisis management) and proposed a meta‐requirement model to describe a generic SoS and to support its design, development, and evolution. The identified viewpoints are the following: structure, dynamicity, evolution, dependability, security, time, multicriticality, and emergence . Structure represents architectural concerns of an SoS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The identified viewpoints are the following: structure, dynamicity, evolution, dependability, security, time, multicriticality, and emergence. 5 Structure represents architectural concerns of an SoS. In particular, it defines the manner in which CSs are composed 6 and how do they exchange semantically well-defined messages 7 through their interfaces.…”

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confidence: 99%

Systems‐of‐systems modeling using a comprehensive viewpoint‐based SysML profile

Mori

Ceccarelli

Lollini

et al. 2017

J Software Evolu Process

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In recent years, more and more efforts have been devoted in supporting the design of systems-ofsystems (SoS). Designing such systems is a multidisciplinary problem which involves considering emergent phenomena, assuring the achievement of dependability/security requirements, guaranteeing system responsiveness, and supporting dynamicity/evolution and multicriticality of provided services. A first step towards a viable design approach is to provide a conceptual model of SoS which captures SoS concepts, and their interrelationships aiming at enhancing the understandability of SoS to stakeholders and providing the basis for further automated analysis. In this context, the AMADEOS European project is bringing together researchers and practitioners to provide the support to design SoS starting from the definition of a domain specific ontology serving as a vocabulary for SoS. Our contribution consists in the modeling of the key SoS concepts and relationships defined in AMADEOS adopting a systems modeling language visual modeling language. We propose a systems modeling language profile for SoS, and we show its applicability in a Smart Grid scenario. We show how to use the profile in a model-driven engineering process to support different types of analyses, and we discuss how to integrate the profile in a user-friendly model-driven engineering tool for SoS rapid modeling, validation, code-generation, and simulation. approach. Indeed, different techniques can be found in SoSE to evolve an SoS, handle its dynamicity requirements, achieve time-dependent and dependability/security requirements, early identify, and mitigate detrimental emergence phenomena, and fulfill multicriticality requirements. However, a relevant challenge is to integrate all these techniques in a design methodology that produces a high-level SoS architecture ensuring the delivery of the envisioned global goals. This target architecture should be amenable to refinement and design patterns facilities thus supporting automated analysis wherever possible.With this aim, the adoption of an architectural description language (ADL) 2 is useful for abstracting and understanding SoS design-related problems thus fostering information sharing and reuse among SoS stakeholders and describing an SoS using several viewpoints of analysis. Such a language also reduces development risks and flaws by enabling analysis and experimentation processes at early stages of the design cycle.The copyright line for this article was changed on 25 May 2017 after original online publication. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Basic Concepts on Systems of Systems

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

A Roadmap Toward the Resilient Internet of Things for Cyber-Physical Systems

A Roadmap Toward the Resilient Internet of Things for Cyber-Physical Systems

Conceptualizing the key features of cyber‐physical systems in a multi‐layered representation for safety and security analysis

Systems‐of‐systems modeling using a comprehensive viewpoint‐based SysML profile

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