Baseline Values and Kinetics of IL-6, Procalcitonin, and TNF-α in Landrace-Large White Swine Anesthetized with Propofol-Based Total Intravenous Anesthesia

Abstract

The baseline levels of various inflammatory mediators and their changes during anesthesia in swine are not known. The aim of this animal study was to measure the baseline values and kinetics of interleukin-6, procalcitonin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in healthy Landrace-Large White swine anesthetized with propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia. We included 8 healthy male pigs with an average weight of 19 ± 2 kg (aged 10-15 weeks) that were subjected to propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia for 8 hours. Complete blood count, serum chemistry, and serum levels of interleukin-6, procalcitonin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were analyzed, and serum levels were quantified hourly. Blood was also collected for bacterial culturing. Baseline values of interleukin-6 and procalcitonin were 18 pg/ml and 21 ng/ml, respectively, while tumor necrosis factor-alpha was not detectable during collection of baseline samples. A statistically significant difference was observed in interleukin-6 levels between time points ( p < 0.0001 ). Procalcitonin increased with time, but there were no significant differences between time points ( p = 0.152 ). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased until the 3rd hour of propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia, while after the 4th hour, it gradually decreased, reaching its baseline undetectable values by the 7th hour ( p < 0.001 ). Our results can serve as the basis for further translational research.

Assessment of Dynamic Changes in Stressed Volume and Venous Return during Hyperdynamic Septic Shock

“…Nevertheless, the aforementioned data suggest that research on the dynamic changes in Vs may lead to distinct shock phenotypes requiring distinct hemodynamic management. Considering the close resemblance between the Landrace–Large White swine and human hemodynamics, this species seems suitable for studying venous return and its determinants in steady and shock states [ 9 , 15 , 49 , 50 ].…”

The prognostic value of procalcitonin in critically ill cases of systematic inflammatory response syndrome in dogs

“…There was also a positive relationship between the serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α with procalcitonin. Several studies have reported a significant relations between procalcitonin with IL-6 and TNF-α in rats with mild and severe pancreatitis (Soyalp et al 2017 ) and white swine (Chalkias et al 2021 ). The increased serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines are directly associated with the severity and mortality of human sepsis.…”

“…The increased serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines are directly associated with the severity and mortality of human sepsis. In fact, the cytokines lead to an increase in the variety of pathologic reactions and hypotension and shock (Chalkias et al 2021 ). In fact, IL-6 is the main cytokine responsible to induce the systemic changes and promotes postoperative neurological dysfunction (Chalkias et al 2021 ).…”

“…In fact, the cytokines lead to an increase in the variety of pathologic reactions and hypotension and shock (Chalkias et al 2021 ). In fact, IL-6 is the main cytokine responsible to induce the systemic changes and promotes postoperative neurological dysfunction (Chalkias et al 2021 ). TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that participates in several physiological and pathophysiological processes and may encourage monocyte/macrophage differentiation and tumor cell necrosis/apoptosis (Sedger and McDermott 2014 ).…”

Cutting-Edge Approaches in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

“…Inflammation and increased reactive oxygen species formation may affect all organ systems, including the lungs. Thus, the attenuation of NO exhalation by propofol and sevoflurane reported by Vekrakou et al may imply the preservation of bronchial microcirculatory perfusion and decreased NO synthesis, due to the immunomodulatory effects and the effects on microcirculation mediated by anesthetics in steady states [ 30 , 31 ] and in disease [ 32 , 33 ]. All the aforementioned factors can improve heart–lung interactions and facilitate the application of lung-protective ventilation strategies, preventing injurious mechanical stretching of lung parenchyma, and subsequent progression to fibrosis in patients with ARDS [ 34 ].…”