Baseline susceptibility of a wild strain of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to DDT and pyrethroids in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran

Abstract

The results of this study provide a guideline for implementation of different vector control measures. Furthermore, guidelines are needed for monitoring and evaluation of insecticide susceptibility tests against sand flies.

Assessing Insecticide Susceptibility of LaboratoryLutzomyia longipalpisandPhlebotomus papatasiSand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

“…Similar results have been found in insecticide-susceptible Italian P. perniciosus and P. papatasi, where the LT 50 's and LT 90 's for DDT were longer compared with permethrin and lambdacyhalothrin (Maroli et al 2002). Also, Saeidi et al (2012) found both insecticide-susceptible male and female P. papatasi to have much longer LT 50 's and LT 90 's to DDT than to permethrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin.…”

“…For many years, DDT has been used worldwide to control sand flies by direct intervention or inadvertently as a collateral benefit of antimalaria campaigns (Kaul et al 1994, Alexander and Maroli 2003, Surendran et al 2005, Kishore et al 2006, Dinesh et al 2010, Afshar et al 2011, Faraj et al 2012, Saeidi et al 2012). Our results suggest that laboratory colonies of insecticide-susceptible sand flies are not very susceptible to DDT.…”

“…Abbott's formula was not used to correct experimental mortalities if the control group mortality was <5%. If control group mortalities exceeded 20%, the entire testing replicate was not used (Saeidi et al 2012).…”

“…To control sand flies, populations around the world have been exposed to the four main classes of insecticides-1) organochlorines, 2) organophosphates, 3) carbamates, and 4) pyrethroids-via residual spraying, ultra-low volume spraying, insecticide-treated clothing, and insecticide-treated nets. These exposures are either intentional in directed vector control efforts or are inadvertent as part of vector control efforts targeted against other insect vectors (Alexander and Maroli 2003, Surendran et al 2005, Alexander et al 2009, Henriquez et al 2009, Rutledge and Gupta 2009, Dinesh et al 2010, Faraj et al 2012, Hassan et al 2012, Saeidi et al 2012.…”

Studying DDT Susceptibility at Discriminating Time Intervals Focusing on Maximum Limit of Exposure Time Survived by DDT Resistant <i>Phlebotomus argentipes</i> (Diptera: Psychodidae): an Investigative Report

“…For many years, DDT has been used worldwide for controlling sand flies through direct intervention or inadvertently as a collateral benefit of anti-malaria campaigns (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30).…”