Studying DDT Susceptibility at Discriminating Time Intervals Focusing on Maximum Limit of Exposure Time Survived by DDT Resistant &lt;i&gt;Phlebotomus argentipes&lt;/i&gt; (Diptera: Psychodidae): an Investigative Report

Rama, Aarti; Kesari, Shreekant; Das, Pradeep; Kumar, Vijay

doi:10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.604

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Here, DDT being an insecticide of choice since 1977, it has been exploited extensively for controlling P. argentipes [45,46] that it became resistant against it and instead of being killed, it manipulated its behaviour from endophilic to exophilic nature [47]. Another remarkable point is that DDT itself fails to hold efficacy for longer duration, resulting in increased lethal time (upto 420 minutes) making it non-effective for killing indian VL vector [21]. Besides these factors, operational facets incorporated by logistic problems [19,20] configures decreasing susceptibility or increasing resistance among P. argentipes [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another remarkable point is that DDT itself fails to hold efficacy for longer duration, resulting in increased lethal time (upto 420 minutes) making it non-effective for killing indian VL vector [21]. Besides these factors, operational facets incorporated by logistic problems [19,20] configures decreasing susceptibility or increasing resistance among P. argentipes [21]. In that situation, contaminating vector population by maintaining IRS becomes 'insignificant', 'exhaustive', 'time-taking' and 'cost-defective' as it always demands repetition for avoiding instances of 'zero-efficacy'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rigorous operation of IRS and indiscriminate exploitation of DDT for vector control at endemic areas [14,16,17,18] along with logistic problems associated with sprayers and spray pumps [11,19,20] had contributed the lowered efficacy of IRS as well as in increased no. of survivors followed by the decreased susceptibility of P. argentipes towards DDT [21]. In programme mode 5% DDT @ 1 gm/m 2 is being used for the control of kala-azar.…”

Section: Original Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The residual activity of IRS and ITN was measured at each interval of 3 months for estimating the Bioavailability of Insecticide in Intervention (BII) associated with IRS and ITN with the help of cone bioassay technique carried out in accordance with protocol led by WHO [1,24,43] i.e., by exposing newly emerged P. argentipes (primarily female ones) directly to the (IRS & ITN) treated surfaces of 6 HHs selected from each study sites for 30 minutes and concluding susceptibility remarks by observing knockdown (after 30 minutes of exposure) and mortality (after 24 hours of exposure); and adjusting result by Abbot's formula[21,22,43].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating Associative Impact of Indoor Residual Spray and Insecticide Treated Nets for Minimizing Visceral Leishmaniasis Vector Population in Bihar (India)

Kumar¹,

Rama²,

Mishra³

et al. 2017

IJTDH

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Background: Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) are important tools in the fight against insect vectors of important diseases. In spite of having operational and logistic limitation(s), IRS and ITN are still in practice as conventional tools with mixed results for controlling Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent. A combination of both tools might results better for reducing VL vector densities during the attack phase of the VL elimination initiative. Methods: A comparison-based study was designed for analyzing the field efficacy of a combination strategy of IRS+ITN (PermaNet 3.0 ®) versus single interventions with IRS and ITNs alone comparing with control respectively. The study was conducted at the villages of Samastipur district of Bihar (India) using aspiration and light traps techniques (i.e., AT and LTT respectively) for collecting sand fly. The numbers of all types of sand flies (male, unfed, fed and gravid female) were recorded during a period of 12 months after the intervention in the three study arms. The bioavailability of insecticide for IRS as well as ITN was also observed at the interval of 3 months with the help of cone bioassay technique established by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: The observed highest percent-reduction of sand flies (93.59%-100%) at the sites with combined intervention of IRS+ITN, as compared to the sites without any intervention at control (with 0% reduction) or with single control intervention either with IRS (4.29%-86.77%) or with ITN (60.18%-97.07%) followed by the reduction in bioavailability of insecticide in IRS (i.e., 52.38%, 58.33%, 45.45% & 50.00%) and ITN (84.44%, 82.50%, 77.78% & 83.33%) over the period of 12 months since intervention, establishes the success of IRS plus ITN as a combined approach for contaminating vector population. Also, through the house-to-house survey at the end of study period, the acceptance of combined approach for IRS plus ITN by the community was accessed to be highest i.e., 100% as compared to the single-intervention approaches for IRS (87%) and ITN (100%). Conclusions: Study results advocate the use of the combined strategy during the attack phase of the VL elimination initiative in order to reduce or interrupt disease transmission. It may also be a valid approach during the maintenance phase in hot-spots of VL transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Original Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating Associative Impact of Indoor Residual Spray and Insecticide Treated Nets for Minimizing Visceral Leishmaniasis Vector Population in Bihar (India)

Kumar¹,

Rama²,

Mishra³

et al. 2017

IJTDH

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“…Hence, remained highlighted as a first line VL vector control chemical option since 1953 [10,11]. After the decades of extensive application of DDT, P. argentipes had attained tolerance/ resistance against it [12,13] which is continuing till date [14,15,16,17]. Due to this, flaring-up of VL cases with diminishing effect of DDT spray was observed [11] that supported the non-decrement in vectorial population too (Kumar et al Personal communication).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Behavioural Temperament of Phlebotomus argentipes Under the Influence of DDT-IRS Versus SP-IRS for Scoping New Approaches for Maximum Control Over the VL-Vector Population in Bihar

Kumar

Rama

Mandal

et al. 2019

IJTDH

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Background: After the decades of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) use, Phlebotomus argentipes reportedly developed resistance against it affecting every aspect of vector control at grass-root level. Although DDT based Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) has been replaced with Alphacypermethrine-a Synthetic Pyrethroid (SP) based insecticide, since 2016 but its successful implementation at the Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) endemic regime of Bihar doesn’t cause much effect upon VL vector density. Furthermore, the outcomes of existing operational research works, it had been observed that VL vectors are continuously changing its behavior under the pressure of insecticides. Methods: For validating the hypothesis, present study has been carried out at Vaishali and Patna being highly and semi-endemic sites respectively for quantifying the oriental behavior among VL vectors persuaded by the IRS and enforce them to remain alive and get trapped in light trap even after changed chemical composition of IRS i.e., SP-IRS from routine DDT-IRS. Results: Following results, a significant reduction in sand fly density (i.e., 33.09% and 29.16%) was observed for outdoor and indoor caught sand flies, collected with light trap and aspirator respectively. Significant higher no. of sand fly collection in terms of per light traps per night was recorded from the outdoor sites than those from indoor habitat for each village of Vaishali and Saran district of Bihar. Higher no. of male sand flies than to that of female ones were collected from outdoor sites and only unfed female sand flies (i.e., 100%) were caught following SP-IRS from each study villages of Vaishali and Saran districts of Bihar. Conclusions: The results of higher no. of sand flies collection from the outdoor sites as compared with the indoor habitat validate the hypothesis of gradual shifting of habitat of VL vectors from endophilic to exophilic which is undoubtedly followed due to the fact of developed resistance among them against chemical constituent of IRS. Results provide very useful information about the sand fly dynamics under the impact of IRS and accordingly, advocates the combined approach of IRS along with insecticidal fogging together at a same time that could be an effective dividend for maximum VL vector control along for negotiating VL cases at par for longer duration during the maintenance phase at the VL foci.

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Methods for detecting insecticide resistance in sand flies: A systematic review

et al. 2021

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Studying DDT Susceptibility at Discriminating Time Intervals Focusing on Maximum Limit of Exposure Time Survived by DDT Resistant <i>Phlebotomus argentipes</i> (Diptera: Psychodidae): an Investigative Report

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Investigating Associative Impact of Indoor Residual Spray and Insecticide Treated Nets for Minimizing Visceral Leishmaniasis Vector Population in Bihar (India)

Investigating Associative Impact of Indoor Residual Spray and Insecticide Treated Nets for Minimizing Visceral Leishmaniasis Vector Population in Bihar (India)

Understanding Behavioural Temperament of Phlebotomus argentipes Under the Influence of DDT-IRS Versus SP-IRS for Scoping New Approaches for Maximum Control Over the VL-Vector Population in Bihar

Methods for detecting insecticide resistance in sand flies: A systematic review

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