Baseline Responses of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Cyfluthrin and Detection of Strong Resistance in Field Populations in Eastern Australia

Abstract

Resistance to cyfluthrin in broiler farm populations of lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), in eastern Australia was suspected to have contributed to recent control failures. In 2000-2001, beetles from 11 broiler farms were tested for resistance by comparing them to an insecticide-susceptible reference population by using topical application. Resistance was detected in almost all beetle populations (up to 22 times the susceptible at the LC50), especially in southeastern Queensland where more cyfluthrin applications had been made. Two from outside southeastern Queensland were found to be susceptible. Dose-mortality data generated from the reference population over a range of cyfluthrin concentrations showed that 0.0007% cyfluthrin at a LC99.9 level could be used as a convenient dose to discriminate between susceptible and resistant populations. Using this discriminating concentration, from 2001 to 2005, the susceptibilities of 18 field populations were determined. Of these, 11 did not exhibit complete mortality at the discriminating concentration (mortality range 2.8-97.7%), and in general, cyfluthrin resistance was directly related to the numbers of cyfluthrin applications. As in the full study, populations outside of southeastern Queensland were found to have lower levels of resistance or were susceptible. One population from an intensively farmed broiler area in southeastern Queensland exhibited low mortality despite having no known exposure to cyfluthrin. Comparisons of LC50 values of three broiler populations and a susceptible population, collected in 2000 and 2001 and recollected in 2004 and 2005 indicated that values from the three broiler populations had increased over this time for all populations. The continued use of cyfluthrin for control of A. diaperinus in eastern Australia is currently under consideration.

Metabolic Mechanisms Only Partially Explain Resistance to Pyrethroids in Australian Broiler House Populations of Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

“…Kartmen et al (1950) Þrst tested the relative toxicities of several organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides against lesser mealworms in the laboratory. Since then, many chemical classes (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, insect growth regulators, pyrethrum, and pyrethroids) have been tested against larvae and adults of this species either in the laboratory or in the Þeld (Silberman and Schmittle 1967, Saxena and Sarin 1972, Vaughan and Turner 1984, Edwards and Abraham 1985, Geden et al 1987, Weaver and Kondo 1987, WakeÞeld and Cogan 1990, Despins et al 1991, De Milo et al 1995, Toyoshima et al 1996, Weaver 1996, Lambkin 2005, Tomberlin et al 2008), but since the early 1980s organophosphates and pyrethroids have received most attention (Vaughan and Turner 1984, Geden et al 1987, Toyoshima et al 1996, Weaver 1996, Lambkin 2005, Hamm et al 2006, Lambkin and Rice 2006.…”

“…For each beetle population tested, 500 adult beetles were topically dosed with 1 l of each insecticide test concentration (both alone and when formulated with PBO) and 1 l of AR acetone only (control). Postdosing protocols, assessment, and criterion to determine mortality were as described by Lambkin and Rice (2006). Data Analyses.…”

“…Since the Australian broiler industry reduced its reliance on fenitrothion (an organophosphate insecticide) in the mid-1990s, cyßuthrin has become the most widely used insecticide (Lambkin 2005, Lambkin andRice 2006). In the United States, insecticide use patterns also have changed, where cyßuthrin, which was adopted for broiler house use in the early to mid-1990s, has been replaced by its very close analog ␤-cyßuthrin (Tomberlin et al 2008).…”

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a Cypermethrin-Based Insecticide for the Control of Alphitobius Diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Its in-Vitro Effects on Beauveria Bassiana Bals. Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)

“…Resistance of A. diaperinus to chemical insecticides, especially pyrethroids and organophosphates, has been reported (Hamm et al, 2006;Lambkin & Rice, 2006;Tomberlin et al, 2008;Chernaki-Leffer et al, 2011;Lambkin & Furlong, 2014). Thus, studies monitoring the efficiency of the products used to control the lesser mealworm and aimed at developing alternative control strategies for reducing insect populations are indispensable.…”

Avaliação da resistência do cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus) (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) a diferentes temperaturas

“…O controle desta praga está vinculado ao uso de inseticidas, piretroides e organofosforados, e é crescente o número de relatos de populações resistentes a estes compostos (lAMbkin, 2005;lAMbkin;rice, 2006;hAMM et al, 2006;kAufMAn et al, 2008;toMberlin et al, 2008), inclusive no Brasil (chernAki-leffer, 2011.…”