“…Similarly, Chafetz ( 2011 ) examined the performance of 161 social security disability claimants, finding that 38.5% were classified as either probable or definite malingerers (15% were classified as definite malingerers). However, these base rates are lower than other base rate estimates for North America, such as the 46% in the 242 social security disability claimants of Schroeder et al ( 2021 ), and considerably higher than the 9.9% UK base rate estimated by expert psychologists (Cartwright et al, 2019 ), the 5–10% base rate of Australian psychologists doing medicolegal work (Yoxall et al, 2010 ), and the 13% among Australian neuropsychologists (Sullivan et al, 2006 ). In Spain, Santamaría et al ( 2013 ) found that professionals estimated the prevalence rate to be close to 50% in cases of chronic pain disorders, with whiplash injury having the highest incidence, followed by fibromyalgia, chronic cervicalgia, chronic low back pain, and affective and emotional disorders.…”