Barriers to Employment that Women Face in Egypt: Policy Challenges and Considerations

Constant, Louay; Edochie, Ifeanyi; Glick, Peter; Martini, Jeffrey; Garber, Chandra

doi:10.7249/rr2868

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Among the Copts interviewed for this project, all of those who had migrated to Libya were men who travelled with other male family members or with neighbours. Moreover, in Egypt, women's participation in the labour force for the 15 and older age cohort has remained persistently low over the last 20 years, estimated at around 20% (Constant et al, 2020, p. 7). Moreover, the percentage of young women in the same age bracket who are unemployed is at 40%, roughly double the percentage among the same age cohort of men (Constant et al, 2020).…”

Section: Tattooing Among Egyptian Copts: Markers For Economic Exclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in Egypt, women's participation in the labour force for the 15 and older age cohort has remained persistently low over the last 20 years, estimated at around 20% (Constant et al, 2020, p. 7). Moreover, the percentage of young women in the same age bracket who are unemployed is at 40%, roughly double the percentage among the same age cohort of men (Constant et al, 2020). While some Coptic women did refer to discriminatory behaviour from employers when they caught sight of the cross tattoo on their wrist, they were more likely to refer to such discrimination in the marketplace.…”

Section: Tattooing Among Egyptian Copts: Markers For Economic Exclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heritage practices as development's blind spot: A case study of Coptic tattooing in Libya and Egypt

Tadros

2022

Development Policy Review

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Summary Motivation The relationship between heritage and international development has been understudied despite more recent attempts to highlight the role of culture, and heritage as an element of it, for holistic and sustainable conceptions of development. Purpose The article explores the relationship between heritage practices and inclusive development through the exploration of the role of Coptic tattooing in shaping the experiences of Coptic men as migrant workers in Libya and as job‐seekers in Egypt, and of Coptic women in Egypt. Methods and approach The methodology combined primary and secondary data and is informed by a grounded theory approach; 20 in‐depth interviews with Coptic migrants who had worked in Libya and returned to Egypt is complemented by over 80 interviews with Coptic women and men across different generations living in southern Egypt who have imprinted religious tattoos. Findings The main findings are that the presence of a tattoo, an embodied form of religious heritage practice, contributed to exposing Coptic Egyptian migrant men to religious profiling and targeting, to the point of putting their lives in danger. The prohibition of Egyptian labour migration to Libya would not remove the susceptibility of these Coptic men to economic exclusion and discrimination since employers in Egypt also vetted them out in the labour force. Policy implications Policy‐making can enable more “heritage‐aware development” by undertaking situational and context analysis that takes into account the full spectrum of the sources and drivers of inequality and exclusion; by considering ways in which experiences and responses to heritage practices can shed light on exclusion and developing policies that take into account the immateriality of “otherization” and are designed to be purposely inclusive.

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Section: Tattooing Among Egyptian Copts: Markers For Economic Exclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tattooing Among Egyptian Copts: Markers For Economic Exclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heritage practices as development's blind spot: A case study of Coptic tattooing in Libya and Egypt

Tadros

2022

Development Policy Review

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“…The status quo in Egyptian society results in disparities in opportunities available to males and females. This phenomenon adversely affects females' employability and results in Social media's impact on Egyptian entrepreneurs low labour force participation rates, which negatively affects women's empowerment (Constant et al, 2020). The three main impetuses of this are: First, males enjoy greater social mobility and have greater chances to migrate to various places to seek better employment opportunities than women do, and women's mobility is often restricted because of the risk of being exposed to gender-based violence (Constant et al, 2020;El-Shorbagi et al, 2017).…”

Section: Women and Youth Empowerment In Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenomenon adversely affects females' employability and results in Social media's impact on Egyptian entrepreneurs low labour force participation rates, which negatively affects women's empowerment (Constant et al, 2020). The three main impetuses of this are: First, males enjoy greater social mobility and have greater chances to migrate to various places to seek better employment opportunities than women do, and women's mobility is often restricted because of the risk of being exposed to gender-based violence (Constant et al, 2020;El-Shorbagi et al, 2017). Additionally, families in rural areas often limit women's freedom of movement, especially young females, as the norms they follow link family honour to girl's modesty (sexsegregation), a social construct believed to increase girls' marriage prospects (Save the Children, 2012).…”

Section: Women and Youth Empowerment In Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social media's impact on the empowerment of women and youth male entrepreneurs in Egypt

Miniesy

Elshahawy

Fakhreldin

2021

IJGE

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PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of social media (SM) on the creation of digital entrepreneurship by female (irrespective of age) and youth male (aged 18–29 years) entrepreneurs, investigate if SM empowers those entrepreneurs and compare the empowerment characteristics between female and youth male entrepreneurs before and after starting their businesses.Design/methodology/approachSelf-assessment questionnaires were collected from a sample of 408 Egyptian female and youth male digital entrepreneurs from Greater Cairo, whose businesses had been operating for more than one year.FindingsThe research showed the following four results: Of the surveyed entrepreneurs, 95% asserted that without SM, they would not have started their businesses. Female and youth male entrepreneurs are empowered both on personal and relational levels, and women’s empowerment is more evident in the latter. Before digital entrepreneurship, youth males have significantly higher averages than female entrepreneurs in almost all empowerment characteristics, whereas after digital entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurs have significantly higher averages in making decisions related to investment, personal education and personal health, as well as those of other household members. Female entrepreneurs are relatively more empowered than youth males after digital entrepreneurship when each group is compared with its initial status.Originality/valueThis study’s originality stems from using a large sample of entrepreneurs, including youth males, not just females; employing a more structured, comprehensive measure of empowerment than found in the literature because it included the rarely used psychological dimension; considering more than one SM tool and comparing empowerment of females to that of youth males.

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“…They concluded that empowering women through education, formal schooling, and paid employment improves their mental health and is associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression. However, recent research in Egypt suggests that women's rates of employment and education remain low compared with men's (Constant et al, 2020), due to household and child rearing responsibilities, the impact of sexual harassment and negative attitudes toward women in the workplace, a lack of mobility, legal barriers, wage gaps, and poor enforcement of anti-discrimination laws.…”

Section: The Research Context: Women's Empowermentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multi-actor perspective of engagement on social media

Shawky

Kubacki

Dietrich³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Market Research

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Despite the known benefits offered by social media to create engagement in social marketing programs, scholars have highlighted the need for more evidence-based, practical, and measurable approaches to social media use in social marketing contexts. This netnographic study employed a four-level multi-actor engagement framework originally proposed by Shawky et al. to explore engagement in a single Facebook community. We identified social media measurement tools for assessing connections, interactions, and loyalty of multiple actors which will assist social marketing practitioners’ understanding of different actors’ interactions with the social media content, enabling them to maintain these actors’ levels of engagement, advance their engagement to a higher level, or attract others to expand the community.

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Barriers to Employment that Women Face in Egypt: Policy Challenges and Considerations

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Heritage practices as development's blind spot: A case study of Coptic tattooing in Libya and Egypt

Heritage practices as development's blind spot: A case study of Coptic tattooing in Libya and Egypt

Social media's impact on the empowerment of women and youth male entrepreneurs in Egypt

The multi-actor perspective of engagement on social media

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