“…For example, sclerochronologic studies of the bivalves, Mercenaria mercenaria, Spisula solidissima, and Arctica islandica, all reported growth slowdown during winter due to cold temperatures, as well as potential slowdown during fall caused by spawning and winter caused by food shortage [Pannella and MacClintock, 1968;Jones, 1980, Williams et al, 1982Arthur and Allard, 1987, Jones et al, 1989, Weidman et al, 1994Schöne et al, 2005b]. Similarly, growth rate in other phyla from midlatitudes to high latitudes, such as sub-arctic to arctic barnacles (Balanus balanoides) and temperate fishes (Encrasicholina punctifer) (growth rate determined from the otoliths or ear bones), decreases during winter, related to temperature and reproductive processes [Bourget, 1980;Pannella, 1980;Wang and Tzeng, 1999]. These same processes likely contribute to the reduced growth rate of P. vulgata during winter.…”