“…mining, agriculture, tourism, low-tech manufacturing, etc. ), notably in other localities outside the main island of Java, have been substantially developed with an increasing participation of foreign investors (Kuswanto, Hoen, & Holzhacker, 2017;Yuniarto, 2014). As a result, although still showing its dominance, the growth of the JMA's urban primacy during 2000-2010 was relatively slower in comparison to the previous periods of time (Figure 2).…”