Bald Eagle Home Range and Habitat Use in the Columbia River Estuary

Garrett, Monte G.; Watson, James; Anthony, Robert G.

doi:10.2307/3808995

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Another described effect of the human disturbance in birds is that it reduces the potential available and occupied habitat (Fern´andez-Juricic, 2002) and can force the bird to occupy lower-quality habitats (McGarigal et al, 1991). Breeding Spanish imperial eagles, like other raptors studied (Fraser et al, 1985;Garret, Watson & Anthony, 1993;Steidl & Anthony, 2000), respond to long-term human activity by choosing nesting habitats and nest sites in locations with relatively low levels of human infrastructures (e.g. roads, urban areas, power lines) (Gonz´alez et al, 1992;Bisson et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of human activities on the behaviour of breeding Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti): management implications for the conservation of a threatened species

González

Arroyo

Margalida³

et al. 2006

Animal Conservation

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We studied (14 500 h of field observations during 20 breeding attempts by 10 pairs) the effects of human activities on the behaviour of breeding Spanish imperial eagles. The probability that human activities around nest sites provoked a flight reaction varied significantly among territories and among types of activity, and increased when the distance between the activity and the nest site decreased, and increased when the number of people involved in each intrusion was higher. Pedestrian activities (mainly by hunters, campers and ecotourists) caused more flight reactions than vehicles. Overall, the probability of a reaction increased sharply when activities occurred at less than 450 m from the nest, but was negligible if they occurred at 800 m. Reaction probability was lower in territories with higher intrusion frequencies (which suggests that some habituation occurs), where the nest was not visible from the tracks, and in less 'plain' or 'accessible' territories. Hatching rate was affected negatively by the frequency of human activities. Our results suggest that the critical inner buffer zone around Spanish imperial eagle nests should be established at a minimum radius of 500 m, and the vulnerable zones at a minimum of 800 m, bearing in mind the physiography of the terrain and the visibility of the nests. Finally, in future studies of nest-site selection with this species, it would be advisable to use a variable that quantifies (through field observations) human disturbance frequency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of human activities on the behaviour of breeding Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti): management implications for the conservation of a threatened species

González

Arroyo

Margalida³

et al. 2006

Animal Conservation

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“…Effects of human activity Anthony and Isaacs 1989 McGarigal et al 1991 Energetics and communal roosting Keister et al 1985 Environmental contaminants Frenzel and Anthony 1989Anthony et al 1993Buck et al 2005 Frenzel 1985 Food habits Isaacs and Anthony 1987Frenzel and Anthony 1989DellaSala et al 1989Watson et al 1991 Isaacs et al1993 Isaacs et al1996Marr et al 1995McShane et al 1998 Frenzel 1985 Habitat management Anderson 1971Anderson 1985Arnett et al 2001Isaacs et al 2005 Home range and habitat use Garrett et al 1993Frenzel 1988 Frenzel 1985 Midwinter population [1979][1980][1981][1982][1983] Opp 1979 Keister et al1987Frenzel and Anthony 1989DellaSala et al 1989Isaacs and Anthony 1987 Isaacs et al1993 Isaacs et al1996Tressler et al 1999 Fleischer 2005 1 The private category (n = 637) consisted of many different owners including individuals, local businesses, and multinational corporations (96%); and a Native American tribe, power companies, an irrigation district, and a conservation organization (4%).…”

Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first, or "occupancy" survey was timed to coincide with incubation, and the second, or "productivity" survey was timed to count nestlings before fledging. In general, we followed the guidelines of Watson (1993), who recommended moving approaches rather than hovering, staying >60 m (200 ft) from nests and eagles, and keeping time at nests to <10 seconds. We followed those recommendations as much as possible to keep any disturbances as a minimum.…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coming to Terms About Describing Golden Eagle Reproduction

Steenhof¹,

Kochert

McIntyre

et al. 2017

Journal of Raptor Research

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“…In restored coastal marshes in California, California cordgrass Spartina foliosa growing on nutrientpoor dredge spoil may be too short to support nesting of the endangered bird species Rallus longirostris obsoletus (California clapper rail; Zedler 1993, Zedler & Callaway 1999. Similarly, eagles prefer taller and older trees for nesting (Kralovec et al 1992, Garrett et al 1993, Stohlgren 1993. These 2 examples demonstrate that differences in stand heights of other vegetation types can affect wildlife, thus it is possible that height differences in managed mangrove systems might also affect their value as wildlife habitats.…”

Section: Forest Structural Complexitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of mangrove swamps managed for mosquito control in eastern Florida, USA

Middleton

Devlin²,

Proffitt³

et al. 2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Manipulations of the vegetation and hydrology of wetlands for mosquito control are common worldwide, but these modifications may affect vital ecosystem processes. To control mosquitoes in mangrove swamps in eastern Florida, managers have used rotational impoundment management (RIM) as an alternative to the worldwide practice of mosquito ditching. Levees surround RIM swamps, and water is pumped into the impoundment during the summer, a season when natural swamps have low water levels. In the New World, these mosquito-managed swamps resemble the mixed basin type of mangrove swamp (based on PCA analysis). An assessment was made of RIM, natural (control), and breached-RIM (restored) swamps in eastern Florida to compare their structural complexities, soil development, and resistance to invasion. Regarding structural complexity, dominant species composition differed between these swamps; the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle occurred at a higher relative density in RIM and breached-RIM swamps, and the black mangrove Avicennia germinans had a higher relative density in natural swamps. Tree density and canopy cover were higher and tree height lower in RIM swamps than in natural and breached-RIM swamps. Soil organic matter in RIM swamps was twice that in natural or breached-RIM swamps. RIM swamps had a lower resistance to invasion by the Brazilian pepper tree Schinus terebinthifolius, which is likely attributable to the lower porewater salinity in RIM swamps. These characteristics may reflect differences in important ecosystem processes (primary production, trophic structure, nutrient cycling, decomposition). Comparative assessments of managed wetlands are vital for land managers, so that they can make informed decisions compatible with conservation objectives.

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Bald Eagle Home Range and Habitat Use in the Columbia River Estuary

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of human activities on the behaviour of breeding Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti): management implications for the conservation of a threatened species

Effect of human activities on the behaviour of breeding Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti): management implications for the conservation of a threatened species

Coming to Terms About Describing Golden Eagle Reproduction

Characteristics of mangrove swamps managed for mosquito control in eastern Florida, USA

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