Balancing Circuit New Control for Supercapacitor Storage System Lifetime Maximization

Shili, Seïma; Hijazi, Alaa; Sarı, Ali; Lin-Shi, Xuefang; Venet, Pascal

doi:10.1109/tpel.2016.2602393

Cited by 66 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…So, this structure only includes (m−1) columns. Several balancing techniques exist in an SP architecture: − dissipative balancing [27], consisting of balancing the electrical charges from below by removing excess energy by Joule effect; − redistributive balancing to send excess energy from the most charging cell(s) to the least charging cell(s) in the same column [28]. Its principle is described by the Figure 8 scheme, relating to a single column j in an SP architecture.…”

Section: Architectures and Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Battery Architecture Dependability

et al. 2018

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This paper presents various solutions for organizing an accumulator battery. It examines three different architectures: series-parallel, parallel-series and C3C architecture, which spread the cell output current flux to three other cells. Alternatively, to improve a several cell system reliability, it is possible to insert more cells than necessary and soliciting them less. Classical RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety) solutions can be deployed by adding redundant cells or by tolerating some cell failures. With more cells than necessary, it is also possible to choose active cells by a selection algorithm and place the others at rest. Each variant is simulated for the three architectures in order to determine the impact on battery-operative dependability, that is to say the duration of how long the battery complies specifications. To justify that the conventional RAMS solutions are not deployed to date, this article examines the influence on operative dependability. If the conventional variants allow to extend the moment before the battery stops to be operational, using an algorithm with a suitable optimization criterion further extend the battery mission time.Batteries 2018, 4, 31 2 of 12 seen in Figure 1. In this, a cell is represented as a series association of an open-circuit voltage (OCV), an equivalent series resistance (ESR) and a parallel RC circuit. The ESR corresponds to the battery terminals voltage V cell , only if it is measured without an external load connection and with the cell at rest for an adequate time. This time is necessary for balancing internal electrical charges (relaxation phenomenon). A double-layer capacitance (C w ) and a charge transfer resistance (R w ) complete the model by describing relaxation. Other internal phenomena such as a hysteresis voltage can also be modeled by additional subcircuits. Hysteresis consists in a shifting on the open-circuit voltage for the same contained charge between current direction, an upward offset with a negative current I cell in charging phase and a downset offset with a positive current in the discharge phase.Batteries 2018, 4, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12 an equivalent series resistance (ESR) and a parallel RC circuit. The ESR corresponds to the battery terminals voltage Vcell, only if it is measured without an external load connection and with the cell at rest for an adequate time. This time is necessary for balancing internal electrical charges (relaxation phenomenon). A double-layer capacitance (Cw) and a charge transfer resistance (Rw) complete the model by describing relaxation. Other internal phenomena such as a hysteresis voltage can also be modeled by additional subcircuits. Hysteresis consists in a shifting on the open-circuit voltage for the same contained charge between current direction, an upward offset with a negative current Icell in charging phase and a downset offset with a positive current in the discharge phase.

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Section: Architectures and Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Battery Architecture Dependability

et al. 2018

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“…So, the voltage U e should be limited by (21). Combining (19) and (21) gets the maximum number of discharged higher voltage SCs and the maximum number is calculated as (22). Suppose N SCs' voltage exceed the average voltage and need to be discharged.…”

Section: πmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The discharge-type topologies discharge the higher voltage SCs directly and the overvoltage phenomena of SCs will not occur. The passive balancing topologies belong to discharge-type topologies, but with zero efficiency [22]. This is because the extra energy of the higher voltage SCs is dissipated in the form of heat by resistance, Zener diodes, and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modularized Discharge-Type Balancing Topology for Series-Connected Super Capacitor String

et al. 2018

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This paper proposed a modularized discharge-type topology for the voltage balance of series-connected super capacitor (SC) string. The proposed topology consists of cascaded converter modules and a boost converter. The cascaded converter modules discharge the higher voltage SCs directly with the ideal output current to realize a fast balancing speed and the boost converter feedbacks the extra energy from the higher voltage SCs to the super capacitor energy storage system (SCESS). The modular design of the cascaded converter modules makes the balancing system suitable for different voltage levels of SCESS. Unlike the charge-type topologies which discharge the higher voltage SCs indirectly, the proposed topology discharges the higher voltage SCs directly with a big current, and the over voltage phenomenon of SCs is then avoided, which means the reliability of the SCESS can be improved. The voltage stress of the switches inside the cascaded converter modules is low, which is different from the existing modularized discharge-type balancing topology. What is more, the control of cascaded converter modules and the boost converter can be implemented by analog devices which will simplify the control of the whole system. The control degree of freedom is high and the voltage of each cell can be controlled. An in-depth comparison analysis with the charge-type balancing topology is performed from the perspective of balancing speed and round-trip energy efficiency. The proposed topology and the balancing performance are confirmed by experimental results.

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“…Due to non-uniform individual cell properties, a certain imbalance may be easily generated among voltages of different cells during charging and discharging processes. As the effect of imbalance is accumulative and leads to battery deterioration, voltage balancing is necessary to guarantee the safe operation of the hybrid energy package [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zero Current Switching Switched-Capacitors Balancing Circuit for Energy Storage Cell Equalization and Its Associated Hybrid Circuit with Classical Buck-Boost

2019

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To overcome the problem of switching loss during the balancing process, a novel cell balancing circuit is proposed with the integration of a zero current switching technique. Moreover, the balancing circuit proposed can change between a classical buck-boost pattern and a resonant switched-capacitor pattern with flexible control to cater to the balancing requirements under different driving scenarios. The results of the simulation of field experiments demonstrate successful balancing, various balancing speed, and low energy loss. The proposed balancing circuit proves to be effective for a wide range of application and is the first attempt to integrate a dual balancing function in a single balancing circuit for cells.Energies 2019, 12, 2726 2 of 15 However, those methods are not flexible enough for changing scenarios. Furthermore, as a hard switching operation is adopted in a large number of cell balancing circuits [21][22][23], electromagnetic interference (EMI) and high switching energy loss will appear. On the other hand, the service life of energy sources will also be affected by a current spike in hard switching circuits. In this paper, a novel balancing circuit is proposed to realize zero-current switching (ZCS) similar to quasi-resonant [24,25] during the switched-capacitor mode and has been proven to further reduce energy loss [24][25][26][27][28][29].Different states of EVs, such as the drive state, brake state, and park state, may have different requirements on the output power, balancing speed, and balancing loss. Many existing papers [22,23] do not take the real driving state into account and make a fixed cell balancing strategy, which decreases the overall balancing efficiency [30][31][32][33]. They are based on switched-capacitor techniques [34,35]. Some papers have realized the difference in energy management at different driving states and proposed specific energy controllers respectively. The energy saving controller for electric mining trucks is introduced in Reference [36], as it runs in high-frequency start-up processes. A predictive energy controller based on preceding vehicle movement management is designed in Reference [37] for lined up EVs on the road. A real-time energy controller for EVs in a charge-depletion mode is discussed in References [38][39][40] for adaptive energy consumption minimization.In this paper, a novel and multi-functional balancing circuit is proposed with a ZCS technique to improve energy saving during the balancing process. The multi-functional circuit can easily change between a buck-boost pattern and switched-capacitor pattern with flexible switching frequency and duty ratios, i.e., the circuit can adapt to changing driving states. Figure 1 demonstrates six different operating modes with different cell balancing requirements for the corresponding driving states. Moreover, voltage sensors can be installed at each cell in order to collect the voltage signals for an intelligent control box. In the real-time feedback control, switching frequency and duty ratios are adjus...

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Balancing Circuit New Control for Supercapacitor Storage System Lifetime Maximization

Cited by 66 publications

References 45 publications

Comparison of Battery Architecture Dependability

Comparison of Battery Architecture Dependability

A Modularized Discharge-Type Balancing Topology for Series-Connected Super Capacitor String

Zero Current Switching Switched-Capacitors Balancing Circuit for Energy Storage Cell Equalization and Its Associated Hybrid Circuit with Classical Buck-Boost

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