“…In 2014–2015, New Zealand, the United Arab Emirates and Russia imported 220,000, 190,000 and 165,000 cars from Japan per year, respectively (Kołsut, 2020). In the record year of 2008, Russian imports amounted to some 500,000 vehicles, but even by 2009–2017, imports did not exceed 200,000 per year (Golunov, 2018). On the other hand, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2020) report shows that, outside the EU, the largest secondhand car importers in 2018 included Serbia (approximately 260,000 cars), Nigeria (237,000), the United Arab Emirates (230,000), Ukraine (175,000) and Libya (161,000).…”