“…Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) satisfies all the above requirements as an efficient photoelectrode compared to other semiconductors, such as ZnO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, PbS, PbSe, Sb 2 S 3 Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 , Ag 2 S, AgInS 2 , etc., which were used in these hybrid solar cells [ 4 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. TiO 2 is a chemically stable, non-toxic, low cost material that provides controllable morphology and is available in large quantities [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. It mainly exists in three different forms as rutile, anatase, and brookite [ 52 , 53 ].…”