BaGdF5 Nanophosphors Doped with Different Concentrations of Eu3+ for Application in X-ray Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

X-ray photodynamic therapy (XPDT) has been recently considered as an efficient alternative to conventional radiotherapy of malignant tissues. Nanocomposites for XPDT typically consist of two components—a nanophosphor which re-emits X-rays into visible light that in turn is absorbed by the second component, a photosensitizer, for further generation of reactive oxygen species. In this study, BaGdF5 nanophosphors doped with different Eu:Gd ratios in the range from 0.01 to 0.50 were synthesized by the microwave route. According to transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the average size of nanophosphors was ~12 nm. Furthermore, different coatings with amorphous SiO2 and citrates were systematically studied. Micro-CT imaging demonstrated superior X-ray attenuation and sufficient contrast in the liver and the spleen after intravenous injection of citric acid-coated nanoparticles. In case of the SiO2 surface, post-treatment core–shell morphology was verified via TEM and the possibility of tunable shell size was reported. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis revealed mesoporous SiO2 formation characterized by the slit-shaped type of pores that should be accessible for methylene blue photosensitizer molecules. It was shown that SiO2 coating subsequently facilitates methylene blue conjugation and results in the formation of the BaGdF5: 10% Eu3+@SiO2@MB nanocomposite as a promising candidate for application in XPDT.

Single-Stage Microfluidic Synthesis Route for BaGdF5:Tb3+-Based Nanocomposite Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Biodistribution

“…The morphology, particle size, and luminescent properties of BaGdF 5 nanophosphors doped with different rare-earth elements have been previously discussed in refs [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. In particular, D. Yang et al have reported sub-10 nm BaGdF 5 :Yb 3+ /Tm 3+ up-conversion nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized at 300 • C, stabilized by oleic acid and subsequently loaded by doxorubicin to enhance its anti-cancer activity [17].…”

Synthesis Optimization of BaGdF5:x%Tb3+ Nanophosphors for Tunable Particle Size

“…Nanoparticles (NPs) with a particle size in the range of 50–200 nm are considered optimal for biomedical applications [ 33 ]. However, the size of smaller particles (10–15 nm) can be increased by coating them with biocompatible shells such as silica [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. In this case, the porous structure of silica makes it possible to adsorb the photosensitizer molecules.…”

“…Previously, we studied BaGdF 5 nanoparticles doped with Eu 3+ , obtained by microwave synthesis, coated with silica, and impregnated with methylene blue as a photosensitizer [ 37 ]. In this paper, we optimized the Tb 3+ content to obtain the maximum luminescence yield.…”