Advanced techniques for performing photodynamic therapy in deep-seated tissues

Sun, Bowen; Rahmat, Juwita N.; Zhang, Yong

doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121875

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…4D) caused by DNA breakage that is likely related to the radicals produced and the concentration of Gem in nucleus, can improve the treatment of TNBC. The increasing fluorescence intensity in hypoxic conditions indicates the dominance of PtCo@Gem-HA-PEG NZ over hypoxia and the production of ROS even in deep tissues, that tissue depth is limiting PDT activity (Sun et al 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two birds with one stone: triple negative breast cancer therapy by PtCo bimetallic nanozyme coated with gemcitabine-hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol

2023

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For the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), without expression of estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptors, specific treatment guideline is still under criticism, especially in tumor hypoxia. But assuming the molecular similarity of TNBC with breast cancer gene-1-related cancers, gemcitabine may be used in TNBC treatment on the nanozyme platform combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT). After designing the nanozyme with four components, platinum–cobalt: with catalase/peroxidase capabilities, hyaluronic acid: nanozyme targeting by interacting with CD44 receptor, poly[ethylene glycol]: water-soluble macromolecule for immune escape, and Gem: antitumor drug, its physicochemical properties was investigated by thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray, and therapeutic effects in in vitro and in vivo. The results show that platinum–cobalt@gemcitabine-hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol (PtCo@Gem-HA-PEG) especially synergized with PDT has high toxicity on 4T1 cells and tumor by enhancing the catalase-/peroxidase-like activities to produce O2, O2•− and •OH, and increase the intracellular free radicals. PtCo@Gem-HA-PEG inhibits tumor development by increasing drug accumulation in the tumor and enhancing apoptotic mechanisms through synergistic activity with PDT. Nevertheless, the major organ damage confirmed by the histological method in the long-term application of PtCo@Gem-HA-PEG, makes their application challenging due to permanent catalytic activity. However, results of improved drug permeability based on reduced hypoxia, higher drug retention, and enzyme-like activity that could be synergized with other therapeutic approaches like a PDT, have made their use attractive. Hence, this study provides a promising path in the TNBC treatment by nanozymes, which requires further toxicological investigations. Graphic Abstract

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two birds with one stone: triple negative breast cancer therapy by PtCo bimetallic nanozyme coated with gemcitabine-hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol

2023

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“…However, their application may be challenged by the limited light penetration depth in tissues. Generally, the tissue penetration depth of UV light in healthy skin tissues is only 0.5 to 2.5 mm because of the light absorption and scattering by tissues [ 117 ]. To overcome this obstacle, the hydrogels are usually designed to be transparent.…”

Section: Electromagnetic Radiation Smart Hydrogels For Bone Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Hydrogels for Bone Reconstruction via Modulating the Microenvironment

et al. 2023

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Rapid and effective repair of injured or diseased bone defects remains a major challenge due to shortages of implants. Smart hydrogels that respond to internal and external stimuli to achieve therapeutic actions in a spatially and temporally controlled manner have recently attracted much attention for bone therapy and regeneration. These hydrogels can be modified by introducing responsive moieties or embedding nanoparticles to increase their capacity for bone repair. Under specific stimuli, smart hydrogels can achieve variable, programmable, and controllable changes on demand to modulate the microenvironment for promoting bone healing. In this review, we highlight the advantages of smart hydrogels and summarize their materials, gelation methods, and properties. Then, we overview the recent advances in developing hydrogels that respond to biochemical signals, electromagnetic energy, and physical stimuli, including single, dual, and multiple types of stimuli, to enable physiological and pathological bone repair by modulating the microenvironment. Then, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives regarding the clinical translation of smart hydrogels.

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“…Apart from the tumor-targeting issue, the oxygen-dependent nature of PDT would also affect its efficacy against tumor hypoxia, which is a common characteristic of advanced solid tumors. − In addition, the light-dependent feature of PDT also requires an effective means of light delivery particularly to deep tissues, but the limited penetration depth of the light radiation used remains a concern. − All these challenges greatly hinder the clinical applications of PDT. As a result, considerable efforts have been devoted to optimizing the design, properties, and efficacy of photosensitizing systems, − replenishing the oxygen levels in the tumor microenvironment, − ,− and relaxing the oxygen dependence in PDT by using Type-1 photosensitizers, photodynamic oxygen economizers, the approach of mitochondrial respiration inhibition, etc. , To circumvent the limitation of light penetration, various approaches have been extensively studied, such as extending the π conjugation of the photosensitizers to shift their absorption to red, using the two-photon strategy, X-rays with a scintillator, or chemiluminescence for excitation, and the development of upconversion photosensitizers. − ,− …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme-Responsive Double-Locked Photodynamic Molecular Beacon for Targeted Photodynamic Anticancer Therapy

Tam

Chu

et al. 2023

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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An advanced photodynamic molecular beacon (PMB) was designed and synthesized, in which a distyryl boron dipyrromethene (DSBDP)-based photosensitizer and a Black Hole Quencher 3 moiety were connected via two peptide segments containing the sequences PLGVR and GFLG, respectively, of a cyclic peptide. These two short peptide sequences are well-known substrates of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and cathepsin B, respectively, both of which are overexpressed in a wide range of cancer cells either extracellularly (for MMP-2) or intracellularly (for cathepsin B). Owing to the efficient Förster resonance energy transfer between the two components, this PMB was fully quenched in the native form. Only upon interaction with both MMP-2 and cathepsin B, either in a buffer solution or in cancer cells, both of the segments were cleaved specifically, and the two components could be completely separated, thereby restoring the photodynamic activities of the DSBDP moiety. This PMB could also be activated in tumors, and it effectively suppressed the tumor growth in A549 tumor-bearing nude mice upon laser irradiation without causing notable side effects. In particular, it did not cause skin photosensitivity, which is a very common side effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using conventional “always-on” photosensitizers. The overall results showed that this “double-locked” PMB functioned as a biological AND logic gate that could only be unlocked by the coexistence of two tumor-associated enzymes, which could greatly enhance the tumor specificity in PDT.

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Advanced techniques for performing photodynamic therapy in deep-seated tissues

Cited by 61 publications

References 177 publications

Two birds with one stone: triple negative breast cancer therapy by PtCo bimetallic nanozyme coated with gemcitabine-hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol

Two birds with one stone: triple negative breast cancer therapy by PtCo bimetallic nanozyme coated with gemcitabine-hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol

Smart Hydrogels for Bone Reconstruction via Modulating the Microenvironment

Enzyme-Responsive Double-Locked Photodynamic Molecular Beacon for Targeted Photodynamic Anticancer Therapy

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