“…What is surprising, however, is the broad range of applications for which this protein shows comparative advantage. These include random access thin film memories, − neural-type logic gates, photon counters and photovoltaic converters, − reversible holographic media, , artificial retinas, − picosecond photodetectors, , spatial light modulators, ,, associative memories, two-photon volumetric memories, , holographic correlators, nonlinear optical filters, dynamic time-average interferometers, optical limiters, pattern recognition systems, real-time holographic imaging systems, multilevel logic gates, optical computing, and branched-photocycle volumetric memories. − 1 Simplified structure of the protein (a, backbone structure from ref ) and the key intermediates in the primary and branched photocycle (b) of bacteriorhodopsin. Wavelength maxima (in parentheses, nm), lifetimes, and temperatures apply to the wild-type only and are approximate.…”
The promise of new architectures and more cost-effective miniaturization has prompted interest in molecular
and biomolecular electronics. Bioelectronics offers valuable near-term potential, because evolution and natural
selection have optimized many biological molecules to perform tasks that are required for device applications.
The light-transducing protein bacteriorhodopsin provides not only an efficient photonic material, but also a
versatile template for device creation and optimization via both chemical modification and genetic engineering.
We examine here the use of this protein as the active component in holographic associative memories as well
as branched-photocycle three-dimensional optical memories. The associative memory is based on a Fourier
transform optical loop and utilizes the real-time holographic properties of the protein thin films. The three-dimensional memory utilizes an unusual branching reaction that creates a long-lived photoproduct. By using
a sequential multiphoton process, parallel write, read, and erase processes can be carried out without disturbing
data outside of the doubly irradiated volume elements. The methods and procedures of prototyping these
bioelectronic devices are discussed. We also examine current efforts to optimize the protein memory medium
by using chemical and genetic methods.
“…What is surprising, however, is the broad range of applications for which this protein shows comparative advantage. These include random access thin film memories, − neural-type logic gates, photon counters and photovoltaic converters, − reversible holographic media, , artificial retinas, − picosecond photodetectors, , spatial light modulators, ,, associative memories, two-photon volumetric memories, , holographic correlators, nonlinear optical filters, dynamic time-average interferometers, optical limiters, pattern recognition systems, real-time holographic imaging systems, multilevel logic gates, optical computing, and branched-photocycle volumetric memories. − 1 Simplified structure of the protein (a, backbone structure from ref ) and the key intermediates in the primary and branched photocycle (b) of bacteriorhodopsin. Wavelength maxima (in parentheses, nm), lifetimes, and temperatures apply to the wild-type only and are approximate.…”
The promise of new architectures and more cost-effective miniaturization has prompted interest in molecular
and biomolecular electronics. Bioelectronics offers valuable near-term potential, because evolution and natural
selection have optimized many biological molecules to perform tasks that are required for device applications.
The light-transducing protein bacteriorhodopsin provides not only an efficient photonic material, but also a
versatile template for device creation and optimization via both chemical modification and genetic engineering.
We examine here the use of this protein as the active component in holographic associative memories as well
as branched-photocycle three-dimensional optical memories. The associative memory is based on a Fourier
transform optical loop and utilizes the real-time holographic properties of the protein thin films. The three-dimensional memory utilizes an unusual branching reaction that creates a long-lived photoproduct. By using
a sequential multiphoton process, parallel write, read, and erase processes can be carried out without disturbing
data outside of the doubly irradiated volume elements. The methods and procedures of prototyping these
bioelectronic devices are discussed. We also examine current efforts to optimize the protein memory medium
by using chemical and genetic methods.
“…Molecular logic devices involving only physical inputs are based on light-matter interactions. The first report from 1996 studied bacteriorhodopsin films, 47 but the field quickly evolved to the use of photochromic species capable of performing combinatorial logic gates (AND, XOR, INH) to binary and sequential operations (KEYPAD LOCK, HALF-ADDER, HALF-SUBSTRACTOR). The photochromic molecules are characterized by the switch from one isomer form to another in the presence of a light stimulus, the so-called photoswitching.…”
Section: Physical Inputs and Photochromic Moleculesmentioning
Managing the continuous and fast-growing volume of information, the progress on the Internet-of-Things, evolution from digitalization to networking, are huge technological chores. Si-based integrated chips face increasing demands as they...
“…Various methods of optical logic operation based on BR films have been proposed. For instance, the XOR, OR and AND logic gates have been realized using photorefractive two-wave mixing [12,13], 11 kinds of all-optical logic gates based on the nonlinear intensity-induced excited state absorption of the K, L, M, N, and O states in the BR photocycle have been demonstrated [14,15], all-optical logic gates have been designed with a BR film based on complementary suppression-modulated transmission [16,17], and all-optical reversible gates, namely, Feynman, Toffoli, Peres, and Feynman double gates, based on optically controlled BR protein-coated microresonators have been proposed [18,19].…”
All-optical logic gates based on photoinduced anisotropy of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) film are proposed. The photoinduced anisotropy in BR film, which arises from the selective absorption of BR molecules to polarized light, can be controlled by changing the amplitudes and polarizations of exiting beams. As a consequence, the polarization of the probe light passing through the BR film can be controlled by the polarization of the exiting beam. Based on this property, a novel scheme of all-optical logic gates, such as AND, OR, XOR and NOT, has been implemented via the pump-probe technique. A theoretical model for the all-optical logic gates is proposed, and the theoretical predictions are demonstrated with the experimental results.
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