Bacteriophages and bacteriophage resistance

Klaenhammer, Todd R.; Fitzgerald, G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1340-3_3

Cited by 92 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…Nevertheless, bacteriophage sensitivity can be remedied by targeted strain improvement, which focuses on the introduction of plasmids harbouring specific phage resistance genes (Klaenhammer and Fitzgerald 1994;Forde and Fitzgerald 1999). Such approaches to strain improvement require that the plasmid contains a suitable marker for selection of transconjugants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of lacticin 481 to facilitate delivery of the bacteriophage resistance plasmid, pCBG104 to cheese starters

et al. 2002

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of lacticin 481 to facilitate delivery of the bacteriophage resistance plasmid, pCBG104 to cheese starters

et al. 2002

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“…Improved resistance to phage is an ongoing challenge and is an extensively researched area in the lactococcal dairy starter industry (Klaenhammer, 1991). Several independent phage resistance mechanisms have been identified in lactic acid bacteria: adsorption inhibition, prevention of phage injection, restriction and modification and abortive infection (Klaenhammer and Fitzgerald, 1994). Abortive infection inhibits phage proliferation and is characterised by the death of the infected cell prior to the release of viable phage progeny.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Abortive infection inhibits phage proliferation and is characterised by the death of the infected cell prior to the release of viable phage progeny. This mechanism is considered the most powerful mechanism of phage resistance identified thus far in lactococci (Klaenhammer and Fitzgerald, 1994). A number of lactococcal genes encoding abortive phage infection have been cloned and sequenced and these include abiA (Hill et al, 1990;Coffey et al, 1991), abiB (Cluzel et al, 1991), abiC (Durmaz et al, 1992), abiD (McLandsborough et al, 1995), abiD1 (Anba et al, 1995), abiE and abiF (Garvey et al, 1995), abiG (O'Connor et al, 1996) and abiH (Prevots et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, cloning and characterisation of the abiI gene from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis M138 encoding abortive phage infection

Harvey²,

et al. 1997

Journal of Biotechnology

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Plasmid pND852 (56 kb) encodes nisin resistance and was isolated from Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis (L. lactis) M138 by conjugation to L. lactis LM0230. It conferred strong resistance to the isometric-headed phage φ712 and partial resistance to the prolate-headed phage φc2. A 2.6 kb HpaII fragment encoding phage resistance was cloned into the streptococcal/Bacillus hybrid vector pGB301 to generate pND817. The mechanism of phage resistance encoded by pND817 involved abortive infection and this was illustrated by a reduction in burst size from 166 to 6 at 30°C and from 160 to 90 at 37°C. Partial resistance was therefore retained at 37°C. DNA sequencing revealed that the abortive infection was encoded by a single open reading frame (ORF), designated abiI, encoding a 332 amino acid protein. Neither abiI nor the predicted product showed significant homology to any existing sequence in the GenBank database. Frame shift mutation at the unique EcoRI site within the ORF resulted in loss of the Abi + phenotype, confirming that the ORF is responsible for the encoded phage resistance.

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“…Lactococcus lactis ME2 is a prototype phage-resistant strain which has been used successfully in the cheese industry (31). ME2 contains at least three plasmids which encode distinct phage defenses (2,31).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…ME2 contains at least three plasmids which encode distinct phage defenses (2,31). Plasmid pME0030 interferes with phage adsorption.…”

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confidence: 99%

Abortive Phage Resistance Mechanism AbiZ Speeds the Lysis Clock To Cause Premature Lysis of Phage-Infected Lactococcus lactis

Durmaz¹,

Klaenhammer

2007

J Bacteriol

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The conjugative plasmid pTR2030 has been used extensively to confer phage resistance in commercial Lactococcus starter cultures. The plasmid harbors a 16-kb region, flanked by insertion sequence (IS) elements, that encodes the restriction/modification system LlaI and carries an abortive infection gene, abiA. The AbiA system inhibits both prolate and small isometric phages by interfering with the early stages of phage DNA replication. However, abiA alone does not account for the full abortive activity reported for pTR2030. In this study, a 7.5-kb region positioned within the IS elements and downstream of abiA was sequenced to reveal seven additional open reading frames (ORFs). A single ORF, designated abiZ, was found to be responsible for a significant reduction in plaque size and an efficiency of plaquing (EOP) of 10 ؊6 , without affecting phage adsorption. AbiZ causes phage 31-infected Lactococcus lactis NCK203 to lyse 15 min early, reducing the burst size of 31 100-fold. Thirteen of 14 phages of the P335 group were sensitive to AbiZ, through reduction in either plaque size, EOP, or both. The predicted AbiZ protein contains two predicted transmembrane helices but shows no significant DNA homologies. When the phage 31 lysin and holin genes were cloned into the nisin-inducible shuttle vector pMSP3545, nisin induction of holin and lysin caused partial lysis of NCK203. In the presence of AbiZ, lysis occurred 30 min earlier. In holin-induced cells, membrane permeability as measured using propidium iodide was greater in the presence of AbiZ. These results suggest that AbiZ may interact cooperatively with holin to cause premature lysis.The susceptibility of starter cultures to bacteriophage infection remains a problem in the cheese industry, especially with increasing reliance on defined starters and the high turnover in factories (8). Analysis of phage resistance mechanisms in starters has led to the identification of four categories of natural bacteriophage resistance in lactococci: (i) interference with phage adsorption, (ii) interference with phage DNA injection, (iii) DNA restriction/modification (R/M), and (iv) abortive infection. Numerous plasmids encoding one or more of these systems have been isolated from commercial starter strains (2,7,8). Abortive infection defenses (Abi) cause a disruption of phage development postinfection, resulting in a decrease in the number of infective particles released and death of the infected cells (7,8). Nonsterile milk fermentations provide an evolutionary proving ground, in which lactic acid bacteria are exposed to constant challenge from bacteriophages. Phage defense mechanisms are often encoded on plasmids, many of which are conjugative, facilitating their transfer within starter culture populations.There are three established groups of phages infecting L. lactis: groups c2 and 936 are composed of lytic phages which are highly homologous within the groups, while the P335 group contains both lytic and lysogenic members and is characterized by mosaic genomes showing evidence ...

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Bacteriophages and bacteriophage resistance

Cited by 92 publications

References 160 publications

Use of lacticin 481 to facilitate delivery of the bacteriophage resistance plasmid, pCBG104 to cheese starters

Use of lacticin 481 to facilitate delivery of the bacteriophage resistance plasmid, pCBG104 to cheese starters

Isolation, cloning and characterisation of the abiI gene from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis M138 encoding abortive phage infection

Abortive Phage Resistance Mechanism AbiZ Speeds the Lysis Clock To Cause Premature Lysis of Phage-Infected Lactococcus lactis

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