Bacteriologic Study of "Donor" Eyes

Polack, Frank M.; Locatcher-Khorazo, D.; Gutierrez, Elizabeth

doi:10.1001/archopht.1967.00980030221018

Cited by 62 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The CMC for sucrose monolaurate was reported by Osipow, Snell & Hickson (1957) to be 3.4 x 1 0 -4~ at 27". Using the same technique (surface tension measurements), Polack (1967) found a CMC of 2.4 x 1 0 -4~ at 25", this value being essentially unaffected by the presence of 1 0 -3~ lauric acid at pH 7.2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

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The stability of sucrose monolaurate: Rate of formation of lauric acid

Anderson

Polack

1968

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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At concentrations below the critical micelle concentration, sucrose monolaurate hydrolyses to give lauric acid at first-order rates. At concentrations above the critical micelle concentration first-order kinetics are not obeyed. In systems buffered to pH values sufficiently high for the liberated lauric acid to ionize, the laurate ions a pear to form mixed micelles with the ester and these carry negative charges. &ulombic repulsion of hydroxyl ions by these negative charges protects neighbouring ester molecules from attack and so reduces hydrolysis rates.HE sucrose fatty acid esters are non-ionic surface-active agents which T differ from many non-ionic water-soluble surfactants in that they do not possess polyoxyethylene chains. They appear to be useful pharmaceutical adjuncts, but little information is available about their stability.Osipow, Snell & others (1956) heated a solution containing 0.5% sucrose stearate and 1% sodium tripolyphosphate (pH 9.5) at 60" and found 8.9% hydrolysis after 1 hr and 14.9% after 4 hr. Stability to acid was determined using 0.1% ester in 0 . 1~ hydrochloric acid. After 2 hr at 37", stearic acid equivalent to 2.5% of the ester had been formed, and 30 min at 100" showed 6.9% hydrolysis. Kakemi, Arita & others (1962) have examined the decomposition of sucrose monostearate in some ethanol-water media.Sucrose monolaurate is the most water-soluble of the common sugar esters and has been chosen for further study. Sucrose monolaurate, "purified", 27-2037 (Colonial Sugars Co.) was further purified by the method of Mima & Kitamori (1964). The product was checked by thin-layer chromatography for absence of free sucrose, sucrose dilaurate and higher esters, and was shown by complete hydrolysis and quantitative gas chromatography to be free of residual solvents and esters of other fatty acids. Experimental MATERIALSLauric, myristic and palmitic acids were "specially pure" laboratory reagent grade, B.D.H.The following buffer solutions were used to prepare the sucrose monolaurate solutions : hydrochloric acid-potassium chloride (pH 2-10 ; 2.51) ; chloroacetic acid-sodium hydroxide (pH 3.00) ; acetic acid-sodium acetate (pH 4.06 ; 5.08) ; potassium dihydrogen phosphate-dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (pH 5.80 ; 6.80 ; 7.20) ; boric acid-sodium hydroxide (pH 9-30). With the exception of one of the phosphate buffers (specifically noted in Fig. 6), the ionic strength of all buffer solutions

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The aqueous layer was removed and the ethereal layer washed twice with ether-saturated water. The procedure was shown to completely extract the free fatty acids and reject sucrose monolaurate (Polack, 1967).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The stability of sucrose monolaurate: Rate of formation of lauric acid

Anderson

Polack

1968

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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“…Different decontamination procedures have been advocated: (i) treatment with antibiotics,5-9 (ii) irrigation,10-14 (iii) mechanical abrasion of the epithelium,7 15 and (iv) immersion of eyes in povidone-iodine/betadine 912 14 16The use of povidone-iodine (PVP-I, polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex) is attractive because of its broad antimicrobial action spectrum including most Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, and protozoa 17.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microbial decontamination of human donor eyes with povidone-iodine: penetration, toxicity, and effectiveness

Pels

Vrensen

1999

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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Background/aims-Povidone-iodine (PVP -I) is applied for microbial decontamination of human eyes donated for transplantation. Concentrations and immersion times vary greatly. The eVectiveness and toxicity of PVP-I were assessed for diVerent decontamination protocols. Methods-Human donor eyes and corneas were immersed in diVerent concentrations (5-100 mg/ml) of PVP-I for diVerent times (2-30 minutes). The penetration of iodine into the corneal tissue was assessed by x ray microanalysis. Microbial contamination was determined by taking cultures of the limbal areas and storage solutions and by incubation of the corneoscleral buttons in antibiotic-free culture medium. Cytotoxicity of PVP-I for corneal fibroblasts in culture was assessed using the MTT assay. Results-Depending on concentration and immersion time iodine was found to penetrate into the epithelium, Bowman's layer, and stroma in amounts equivalent to 2-40 mg/ml PVP-I. The MTT assay demonstrated that 2.5 mg/ml PVP-I caused total damage to fibroblasts in vitro. Rinsing eyes with tap water and subsequent immersion in PVP-I reduced the rate of contamination from 82 out of 106 to 69 out of 106 and 37 out of 106, respectively. Antibiotics in the storage medium further reduced contamination from about 40% to 3%. Microbial contamination was not reduced by increasing the concentration and immersion times beyond 5 mg/ml PVP-I for 2 minutes. Conclusion-Immersion of human donor eyes in 5 mg/ml PVP-I solution for 2 minutes significantly reduces microbial contamination of donor corneas without relevant penetration of iodine into the corneal layers. Higher PVP-I concentrations and longer immersion times do not further reduce contamination, whereas the amount of iodine penetrating the corneal layers is elevated above the level cytotoxic for corneal fibroblasts. In view of this, concentrations above 5 mg/ml of PVP-I and immersion periods over 2 minutes are not recommended for reduction of the contamination rate of donor eyes. (Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:1019-1026

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“…The incidence of penetrating keratoplasty to restore vision in cases of corneal blindness of various causes has increased worldwide, especially in developing countries during recent years [1] . Postoperative recipient eye infection following corneal transplant surgery represents a very serious and potentially devastating complication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficacy of Postenucleation Saline Wash and the Effect of Different Antimicrobial Agents on Microbial Contamination of Donor Eyes

et al. 2006

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Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of postenucleation saline wash and the effect of different antimicrobial agents on the microbial contamination of donor eyes. Methods: Two hundred donor eyes were given saline wash and treated with any one of the following 5 randomly selected antimicrobial solutions: 1% povidone-iodine for 3 min, 0.3% gentamycin for 10 min, 0.3% ciprofloxacin for 10 min, a combination of neomycin 1,700 IU, gramicidin 0.025% and polymyxin B 5,000 IU (Neosporin®) for 10 min and a combination of 0.3% amikacin for 10 min, followed by 2.5% cefazolin for 10 min. Limbal swabs were sent for culture before and after saline wash and after treatment with antimicrobial agents. Results: On culture of the pretreatment swabs, 77.5% were positive for growth with 75.5% bacterial and 11.5% fungal. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (29.1%) was the most common bacterial contamination followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.5%), Acinetobacter sp. (18.5%) and Alcaligenes faecalis (13.2%). A 20-ml sterile saline wash resulted in a 20% decrease (p < 0.01) in the amount of contamination. The maximum antimicrobial effect with regard to bacterial decontamination was achieved with povidone-iodine (64% decrease in the amount of contamination, p < 0.01) followed by ciprofloxacin (47.6% decrease, p < 0.05), the combination of cefazolin and amikacin (42.5%, p < 0.05), Neosporin (38.5%, p < 0.05) and then gentamycin (21.7%, p = NS). Conclusions: A thorough saline wash and treatment with 1% povidone-iodine for 3 min is a more effective method for the decontamination of donor eyes as compared to most currently available and frequently used antibiotics.

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Bacteriologic Study of "Donor" Eyes

Cited by 62 publications

References 4 publications

The stability of sucrose monolaurate: Rate of formation of lauric acid

The stability of sucrose monolaurate: Rate of formation of lauric acid

Microbial decontamination of human donor eyes with povidone-iodine: penetration, toxicity, and effectiveness

The Efficacy of Postenucleation Saline Wash and the Effect of Different Antimicrobial Agents on Microbial Contamination of Donor Eyes

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