Bactericidal Studies of Chlorine

Halamine water disinfectants

“…Chlorine has been suggested to oxidize sulfhydryl-containing enzyme systems necessary for normal cellular metabolism, once it is inside of the cell. 126 " 129 Venkobachar et al reported that in addition to sulfhydryl enzyme inactivation, cell membrane integrity was affected by the addition of chlorine resulting in the leakage of intracellular components, 130 confirming earlier observations by Friberg. 131 -132 Work conducted in the area of sublethal damage to coliforms suggests that a transport process in the cell membrane might be a primary target for chlorine attack.…”

The effect of chlorine toxicity on certain blood parameters of adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

“…Wyss (1962) has pointed out that chlorine disinfection was related to the unbalanced growth due to the destruction of the enzyme system and disruption of cell metabolism. The potent oxidizing characteristics of chlorine were shown to be localized in the sulfa-hydryl groups (SH) of the amino acids (Ingols et al 1953) and enzymes (Knox et al 1948). Recently Grothe & Eaton (1975) stated that in fish, as in bacteria (Ingols et al 1953) chlorine oxidizes hemo-proteins and thus inhibits oxygen transportation.…”

Hypochlorite induces the formation of LDL−, a potentially atherogenic low density lipoprotein subspecies

“…Indeed, distinctive peaks at 253 and 248 nmî ndicative of chloramines (published absorption maxima range from 240 to 270 nm [28,29])^were observed in HOCl-treated LDL even in the presence of L-methionine added to prevent further and extensive oxidation (data not shown). Subsequent addition of methionine led to preferential formation of LDL 3 over LDL 23 .…”