Bactericidal efficacy of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (APNTP) against the ESKAPE pathogens

Flynn, Padrig B.; Higginbotham, Sarah; Alshraiedeh, Nida; Gorman, Seán; Graham, W. G.; Gilmore, Brendan

doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.02.026

Cited by 75 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…ESKAPE pathogens are Enterococcus faecium (Gram positive), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram negative), Acinetobacter baumannii (Gram negative), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 (Gram negative) and Enterobacter cloacae (Gram negative). As in our study, it was observed that Gram negative organisms were killed more rapidly than Gram positives for biofilm and planktonic cultures, with the exception of Acinetobacter baumannii (Gram negative) biofilms, which were highly resistant despite a thin (26 nm) cell wall36. This suggests that additional factors to cell wall thickness play a role in CAP sensitivity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…A recent study by Flynn et al tested a range of antibacterial resistant strains (ESKAPE pathogens) for sensitivity to CAP36. ESKAPE pathogens are Enterococcus faecium (Gram positive), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram negative), Acinetobacter baumannii (Gram negative), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 (Gram negative) and Enterobacter cloacae (Gram negative).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma

Mai‐Prochnow

Clauson

Hong

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

501

295

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Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAP) is a relatively new method being investigated for antimicrobial activity. However, the exact mode of action is still being explored. Here we report that CAP efficacy is directly correlated to bacterial cell wall thickness in several species. Biofilms of Gram positive Bacillus subtilis, possessing a 55.4 nm cell wall, showed the highest resistance to CAP, with less than one log10 reduction after 10 min treatment. In contrast, biofilms of Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, possessing only a 2.4 nm cell wall, were almost completely eradicated using the same treatment conditions. Planktonic cultures of Gram negative Pseudomonas libanensis also had a higher log10 reduction than Gram positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Mixed species biofilms of P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis showed a similar trend of Gram positive bacteria being more resistant to CAP treatment. However, when grown in co-culture, Gram negative P. aeruginosa was more resistant to CAP overall than as a mono-species biofilm. Emission spectra indicated OH and O, capable of structural cell wall bond breakage, were present in the plasma. This study indicates that cell wall thickness correlates with CAP inactivation times of bacteria, but cell membranes and biofilm matrix are also likely to play a role.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma

Mai‐Prochnow

Clauson

Hong

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

501

295

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…With moderate temperatures, NTPs avoid thermal host tissue damage but have in fact much higher antimicrobial effects than, e.g., UV or hydrogen peroxide treatments (30,31). In addition, NTPs are very effective against antibioticresistant pathogens and there are no antimicrobial resistance mechanisms against plasma known to date (32)(33)(34). Therefore, NTPs could be used for the decontamination of dental cavities and a wide range of other applications and devices in industry and medicine (35).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonthermal Plasma Jet Treatment Negatively Affects the Viability and Structure of Candida albicans SC5314 Biofilms

Handorf

Weihe

Bekeschus

et al. 2018

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Microorganisms are predominantly organized in biofilms, where cells live in dense communities and are more resistant to external stresses than are their planktonic counterparts. With experiments, the susceptibility of biofilms to a nonthermal plasma treatment (plasma source, kINPen09) in terms of growth, survival, and cell viability was investigated. strain SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876) was plasma treated for different time periods (30 s, 60 s, 120 s, 180 s, 300 s). The results of the experiments, encompassing CFU, fluorescence Live/Dead, and 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide salt (XTT) assays, revealed a negative influence of the plasma treatment on the proliferation ability, vitality, and metabolism of biofilms, respectively. Morphological analysis of plasma-treated biofilms using atomic force microscopy supported the indications for lethal plasma effects concomitant with membrane disruptions and the loss of intracellular fluid. Yielding controversial results compared to those of other publications, fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopic inspection of plasma-treated biofilms indicated that an inactivation of cells appeared mainly on the bottom of the biofilms. If this inactivation leads to a detachment of the biofilms from the overgrown surface, it might offer completely new approaches in the plasma treatment of biofilms. Because of plasma's biochemical-mechanical mode of action, resistance of microbial cells against plasma is unknown at this state of research. Microbial communities are an increasing problem in medicine but also in industry. Thus, an efficient and rapid removal of biofilms is becoming increasingly important. With the aid of the kINPen09, a radiofrequency plasma jet (RFPJ) instrument, decisive new findings on the effects of plasma on biofilms were obtained. This work showed that the inactivation of biofilms takes place mainly on the bottom, which in turn offers new possibilities for the removal of biofilms by other strategies, e.g., mechanical treatment. This result demonstrated that nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma is well suited for biofilm decontamination.

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“…Based on the overall effect, CAP treatment seems to represent an interesting alternative to antiseptic wound treatment, especially since no known mechanisms for bacterial resistance have been documented until now (37–39]. Flynn et al (2015) even documented a high efficiency against so-called ESKAPE bacteria ( E nterococcus faecium, S taphylocoocus aureus, K lebsiella pneumoniae, A cinetobacter baumannii, P seudomonas aeruginosa, E nterobacteriaceae ) [17], a group of pathogens frequently encountered in hospital-acquired infections in humans and animals [1,3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro evaluation of the decontamination effect of cold argon plasma on selected bacteria frequently encountered in small animal bite injuries

Winter

Meyer‐Lindenberg

Wolf

et al. 2018

Preprint

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27Objective: The beneficial effects of cold argon plasma (CAP) on wound healing and its 28 capacity for bacterial decontamination has recently been documented. However, despite 29 favourable reports from experimental trials and human applications, the first in vivo studies in 30 small animals did not prove any decontamination effect in canine bite wounds. 31 The present study therefore aimed to evaluate the decontamination effect of CAP in different 32 bacteria frequently encountered in canine bite wounds in vitro. 33 Methods: Standard strains of Escherichia (E.) coli, Staphylococcus (S.) pseudintermedius, S. 34 aureus, Streptococcus (Sc.) canis, Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa and Pasteurella multocida 35were investigated. To evaluate the influence of the bacterial growth phase, each bacterium 36 was incubated in nutrient broth for 3 and 8 hours, respectively, before argon plasma treatment. 37Three different bacterial concentrations were created per bacterium and growth phase, and 38 each was exposed to cold plasma at a gas flow rate of 5 standard litres/minute of argon for 30 39 seconds, 1 minute and 2 minutes. 40 Results: Argon treatment resulted in acceptable decontamination rates (range 98.9-99.9%) in 41 all bacteria species in vitro; however, differences in susceptibility were detected in the 42 different tested bacteria. Treatment time significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the 43 decontamination rate in E. coli, Sc. canis and S. aureus, with an exposure time of 2 minutes 44 being most effective. The initial bacterial concentration significantly (P<0.05) influenced 45 decontamination in Pasteurella multocida and P. aeruginosa, in which treatment time was not 46 as important. The growth phase only influenced decontamination in S. pseudintermedius. 47 Conclusion: CAP exerts effective antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria strains in 48 vitro, with species specific effects of treatment time, growth phase and concentration. 49 50 Keywords: cold argon plasma, bacterial decontamination, time-dependent effects, 51 concentration-dependent effects, bacterial growth 53 Microbial multidrug-resistance (MDR) is one of the main issues that must be solved by 54 modern medicine [1,2,3]. Among surgical patients, surgical site infections, and especially 55 open wounds, represent risk groups, and antibiotic treatment frequently results in a shift to 56 more resistant bacteria rather than in wound decontamination [1,3,4]. Recognition of this 57 problem has increased research on alternative strategies for wound decontamination, 58 including antiseptic substances and physical treatment options in human medicine [5,6]. 59 However, despite the fact that the same problem exists in small animal surgical patients [1,3], 60 there is a paucity of studies focusing on antiseptic wound treatment in veterinary medicine. 61 Numerous in vitro and in vivo trials in small mammals and humans have documented an 62 effective decontamination effect combined with a wide safety margin regarding a damage of 63 eukaryotic cells for CAP [7]...

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Bactericidal efficacy of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (APNTP) against the ESKAPE pathogens

Cited by 75 publications

References 28 publications

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma

Nonthermal Plasma Jet Treatment Negatively Affects the Viability and Structure of Candida albicans SC5314 Biofilms

In vitro evaluation of the decontamination effect of cold argon plasma on selected bacteria frequently encountered in small animal bite injuries

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