Bacterial type 1A topoisomerases maintain the stability of the genome by preventing and dealing with R-loop-and nucleotide excision repair-dependent topological stress

Abstract

E. coli type 1A topoisomerases (topos), topo I (topA) and topo III (topB) have both relaxation and decatenation activities. B. subtilis and E. coli topA topB null cells can survive owing to DNA amplifications allowing overproduction of topo IV, the main cellular decatenase that can also relax supercoiling. We show that overproducing human topo IB, a relaxase but not a decatenase, can substitute for topo IV in allowing E. coli topA null but not topA topB null cells to survive. Deleting topB exacerbates phenotypes of topA null mutants including hypernegative supercoiling, R-loop formation, and RNase HI-sensitive replication, phenotypes that are not corrected by topo IV overproduction. These phenotypes lead to Ter DNA amplification causing a chromosome segregation defect that is corrected by topo IV overproduction. Furthermore, topA topB null mutants not overproducing topo IV acquire uvrB or uvrC mutations, revealing a nucleotide excision repair (NER)-dependent problem with replication fork progression. Thus, type IA topos maintain the stability of the genome by providing essential relaxase and decatenase activities to prevent and solve topological stress related to R-loops and NER. Moreover, excess R-loop formation is well tolerated in cells that have enough topoisomerase activity to support the subsequent replication-related topological stress.