Bacterial lateral flagella: an inducible flagella system

Merino, Susana; Shaw, Jonathan G.; Tomás, Juan M.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00403.x

Cited by 115 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(156 reference statements)

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“…30_2 lacks a lateral flagellar apparatus (Table S7 in Dataset S2). Lateral flagella confer swarming motility in viscous fluids (e.g., mucus) and have been associated with virulence, adhesion, and biofilm formation (27,28).…”

Section: Analyses Of Two Ecologically Distinct Citrobacter Subpopulatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-resolved community genomic analysis of gut microbial colonization in a premature infant

Morowitz

Denef

Costello³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

186

169

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The intestinal microbiome is a critical determinant of human health. Alterations in its composition have been correlated with chronic disorders, such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease in adults, and may be associated with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Increasing evidence suggests that strain-level genomic variation may underpin distinct ecological trajectories within mixed populations, yet there have been few strain-resolved analyses of genotype–phenotype connections in the context of the human ecosystem. Here, we document strain-level genomic divergence during the first 3 wk of life within the fecal microbiota of an infant born at 28-wk gestation. We observed three compositional phases during colonization, and reconstructed and intensively curated population genomic datasets from the third phase. The relative abundance of two Citrobacter strains sharing ~99% nucleotide identity changed significantly over time within a community dominated by a nearly clonal Serratia population and harboring a lower abundance Enterococcus population and multiple plasmids and bacteriophage. Modeling of Citrobacter strain abundance suggests differences in growth rates and host colonization patterns. We identified genotypic variation potentially responsible for divergent strain ecologies, including hotspots of sequence variation in regulatory genes and intergenic regions, and in genes involved in transport, flagellar biosynthesis, substrate metabolism, and host colonization, as well as differences in the complements of these genes. Our results demonstrate that a community genomic approach can elucidate gut microbial colonization at the resolution required to discern medically relevant strain and species population dynamics, and hence improve our ability to diagnose and treat microbial community-mediated disorders.

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Section: Analyses Of Two Ecologically Distinct Citrobacter Subpopulatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-resolved community genomic analysis of gut microbial colonization in a premature infant

Morowitz

Denef

Costello³

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

186

169

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“…In each of these genomes, there were typically two homologs of the majority of the E. coli flagellar gene queries. The polar system, which is analogous to the primary flagellar system in bacteria possessing only one system, is responsible for motility in liquids, whereas the lateral (secondary) system provides bacteria with the ability to adhere or to swarm on surfaces (3,14,23,25). By examining the phylogeny and organization of genes encoding the secondary systems, we found that secondary flagellar systems originated twice from broadly different sources (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structure, assembly, and function of flagella have been characterized in some detail by molecular, genetic, and biophysical analyses (1,4,19,20,24,36); in contrast, relatively little is known about the evolutionary origins of the genes or gene clusters that specify these complex and diverse organelles (25). There is extensive similarity between flagellar genes and genes dedicated to protein secretion systems, leading to speculation that the flagellum arose from a primitive secretion system that was later adapted to cell motility (5,6,26,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins of Flagellar Gene Operons and Secondary Flagellar Systems

Liu¹,

Ochman

2007

J Bacteriol

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Forty-one flagellated species representing 11 bacterial phyla were used to investigate the origin of secondary flagellar systems and the structure and formation of flagellar gene operons over the course of bacterial evolution. Secondary (i.e., lateral) flagellar systems, which are harbored by five of the proteobacterial species considered, originated twice, once in the alphaproteobacterial lineage and again in the common ancestor of the Beta-and Gammaproteobacteria. The order and organization of flagellar genes have undergone extensive shuffling and rearrangement among lineages, and based on the phylogenetic distributions of flagellar gene complexes, the flagellar gene operons existed as small, usually two-gene units in the ancestor of Bacteria and have expanded through the recruitment of new genes and fusion of gene units. In contrast to the evolutionary trend towards larger flagellar gene complexes, operon structures have been highly disrupted through gene disassociation and rearrangements in the Epsilon-and Alphaproteobacteria. These results demonstrate that the genetic basis of this ancient and structurally conserved organelle has been subject to many lineage-specific modifications.Bacterial flagella are complex organelles whose assembly is dependent on multiple cooperating components. In the wellstudied systems, those of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, approximately 50 genes, distributed in at least 10 operons, contribute to the formation, regulation, and function of the flagella (19,20). About one-half of these genes produce proteins that become part of the physical structure of flagella, whereas other genes have auxiliary or regulatory roles.Although the basic structure of the flagellum is fairly well conserved across bacteria, lineages can vary with respect to the number of flagella per cell and the location of flagella on the cell surface, as well as to the overall number of genes devoted to the synthesis and regulation of flagella (3,29). Among the more notable differences is the difference between the spirochetes, which possess periplasmic flagella whose filaments reside between the outer and cytoplasmic membranes, and other species whose filaments are situated outside the cells (8). In some bacteria, such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, there are two flagellar systems (a polar system and a lateral system), which are encoded by distinct sets of genes and are responsible for different types of motility (22).The structure, assembly, and function of flagella have been characterized in some detail by molecular, genetic, and biophysical analyses (1,4,19,20,24,36); in contrast, relatively little is known about the evolutionary origins of the genes or gene clusters that specify these complex and diverse organelles (25). There is extensive similarity between flagellar genes and genes dedicated to protein secretion systems, leading to speculation that the flagellum arose from a primitive secretion system that was later adapted to cell motility (5,6,26,27). In addition, some of the fla...

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“…Studies on A. hydrophila flagellar gene systems has revealed that 55 genes are involved in the polar flagellum and 38 genes are involved in the lateral flagella (Merino et al, 2006), and that over 20 genes are shared by these two flagellar systems, which include the flgN gene (Fraser et al, 1999). Further studies revealed that FlgN is an approximately 16-kDa protein composed of 140 amino acid residues, and acts as a flagellar type III export chaperone specific for the hook-filament junction proteins, FlgK and FlgL (Yeh and Klesius, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FlgN plays important roles in the adhesion of Aeromonas hydrophila to host mucus

et al. 2015

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ABSTRACT. Adhesion to the host mucus is a crucial step in the early infection stage of pathogenic bacteria. To investigate the mechanisms of the adhesion of Aeromonas hydrophila to its host mucus, a mutant library was constructed using the mini-Tn10 transposon mutagenesis system. Of 276 individual colonies, the mutant strain with the most attenuated adhesion ability in this study was screened out and designated A77. Molecular analysis showed that a 414-bp sequence flanking mini-Tn10 in A77 had the highest identity (97%) with the bacterial flagellar protein gene flgN. A complemented strain flgN+ was constructed and the biological characteristics of the wild-type, mutant A77, and complemented flgN+ strains were investigated. The results showed that the decreased abilities of motility, adhesion to mucus, and biofilm formation in the mutant strain were partially recovered in the complemented flgN+ strain, which suggested that flgN plays an important role in the adhesion of A. hydrophila to its host.

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Bacterial lateral flagella: an inducible flagella system

Cited by 115 publications

References 69 publications

Strain-resolved community genomic analysis of gut microbial colonization in a premature infant

Strain-resolved community genomic analysis of gut microbial colonization in a premature infant

Origins of Flagellar Gene Operons and Secondary Flagellar Systems

FlgN plays important roles in the adhesion of Aeromonas hydrophila to host mucus

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