Bacterial Infections

Abstract

Non-opportunistic bacterial infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality for HIV-infected adults and children. Factors associated with increased risk of these include altered B- and T-cell function; altered phagocytic cell function; skin and mucous membrane defects; and use of indwelling vascular catheters, antibiotics, or cytotoxic agents. The pathogens encountered most frequently are S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Less commonly encountered organisms include Rhodococcus equi, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella sp., and Nocardia asteroides, Strategies for prevention as well as diagnosis and treatment of these are discussed.

Non-pylori helicobacter species in humans

“…Bacteraemias are up to 20 times more prevalent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals compared to the general population73 and enteric bacteria, in particular Salmonella species, account for up to 30% of AIDS related bacteraemias 74. These bacteraemias are often recurrent and occur in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms or positive stool cultures.…”

Prevalence and pattern of bacteraemia among HIV-infected under -five children in a tertiary hospital in Kano, Nigeria

“…7 Factors such as abnormalities in humoral and cell-mediated immunity, phagocytic cell dysfunction and skin and mucous membrane defects all contribute to higher risk of bacteraemia in them. 8 Bacterial infections are responsible for the immediate cause of death of up to 30% of patients with HIV infection. 9 Unfortunately, 630,000 African children are receiving Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) which corresponds to only 22% of those that are eligible.…”

Bacteremia in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus: A prospective, cohort study

“…Several factors predispose patients with HIV infection to bacterial infections. These factors include abnormalities in humoral and cell-mediated immunity, phagocytic cell dysfunction, and skin and mucous membrane defects [3]. The presence of neutropenia [4,5] use of central venous catheters [4,6], low CD4 + lymphocyte count, and intravenous drug use [6] are cited as risk factors for bacteremic infections in patients with HIV infection.…”